Cho a,b,c là các số thực khác 0 thỏa mãn a2 +ab = c2 +bc và a2 +ac = b2 +bc. Tính giá trị biểu thức K = \(\left(1+\dfrac{a}{b}\right)\left(1+\dfrac{b}{c}\right)\left(1+\dfrac{c}{a}\right)\)
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Ta chứng minh BĐT sau cho các số dương:
\(x^5+y^5\ge xy\left(x^3+y^3\right)\)
\(\Leftrightarrow x^5-x^4y+y^5-xy^4\ge0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(x^4-y^4\right)\left(x-y\right)\ge0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(x-y\right)^2\left(x+y\right)\left(x^2+y^2\right)\ge0\) (đúng)
Áp dụng:
\(\dfrac{a^5+b^5}{ab\left(a+b\right)}\ge\dfrac{ab\left(a^3+b^3\right)}{ab\left(a+b\right)}=\dfrac{a^3+b^3}{a+b}=a^2-ab+b^2\)
Tương tự và cộng lại:
\(VT\ge2\left(a^2+b^2+c^2\right)-\left(ab+bc+ca\right)=2-\left(ab+ca+ca\right)\)
\(VT\ge4-\left(ab+bc+ca\right)-2=4\left(a^2+b^2+c^2\right)-\left(ab+bc+ca\right)-2\)
\(VT\ge4\left(ab+bc+ca\right)-\left(ab+bc+ca\right)-2=3\left(ab+bc+ca\right)-2\) (đpcm)
![](https://rs.olm.vn/images/avt/0.png?1311)
Lời giải:
Áp dụng BĐT Cauchy-Schwarz và AM-GM:
$M=\frac{b^2+c^2}{a^2}+a^2(\frac{1}{b^2}+\frac{1}{c^2})$
$\geq \frac{b^2+c^2}{a^2}+a^2.\frac{4}{b^2+c^2}$
$=(\frac{b^2+c^2}{a^2}+\frac{a^2}{b^2+c^2})+\frac{3a^2}{b^2+c^2}$
$\geq \sqrt{\frac{b^2+c^2}{a^2}.\frac{a^2}{b^2+c^2}}+\frac{3(b^2+c^2)}{b^2+c^2}$
$=2+3=5$
Vậy $M_{\min}=5$
![](https://rs.olm.vn/images/avt/0.png?1311)
Ta có:
\(a+b+c-abc=\left(a+b+c\right)\left(ab+bc+ca\right)-abc\)
\(=\left(a+b+c\right)\left(ab+c\left(a+b\right)\right)-abc\)
\(=\left(a+b\right)ab+\left(a+b\right)^2c+abc+c^2\left(a+b\right)-abc\)
\(=\left(a+b\right)\left(ab+c^2+c\left(a+b\right)\right)\)
\(=\left(a+b\right)\left(ab+ac+c^2+bc\right)\)
\(=\left(a+b\right)\left[a\left(b+c\right)+c\left(b+c\right)\right]\)
\(=\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)\left(a+c\right)\)
Đồng thời:
\(a^2+1=a^2+ab+bc+ac=a\left(a+b\right)+c\left(a+b\right)=\left(a+b\right)\left(a+c\right)\)
Tương tự:
\(b^2+1=\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)\)
\(c^2+1=\left(a+c\right)\left(b+c\right)\)
Từ đó:
\(P=\dfrac{\left[\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)\left(a+c\right)\right]^2}{\left(a+b\right)\left(a+c\right)\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)\left(a+c\right)\left(b+c\right)}\)
\(=\dfrac{\left[\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)\left(a+c\right)\right]^2}{\left[\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)\left(a+c\right)\right]^2}=1\)
![](https://rs.olm.vn/images/avt/0.png?1311)
\(abc\ge\left(a+b-c\right)\left(b+c-a\right)\left(c+a-b\right)\)
\(\Leftrightarrow abc\ge\left(3-2a\right)\left(3-2b\right)\left(3-2c\right)\)
\(\Leftrightarrow9abc\ge12\left(ab+bc+ca\right)-27\)
\(\Rightarrow abc\ge\dfrac{4}{3}\left(ab+bc+ca\right)-3\)
\(P\ge\dfrac{9}{a\left(b^2+bc+c^2\right)+b\left(c^2+ca+a^2\right)+c\left(a^2+ab+b^2\right)}+\dfrac{abc}{ab+bc+ca}=\dfrac{9}{\left(ab+bc+ca\right)\left(a+b+c\right)}+\dfrac{abc}{ab+bc+ca}\)
\(\Rightarrow P\ge\dfrac{3}{ab+bc+ca}+\dfrac{abc}{ab+bc+ca}=\dfrac{3+abc}{ab+bc+ca}\)
\(\Rightarrow P\ge\dfrac{3+\dfrac{4}{3}\left(ab+bc+ca\right)-3}{ab+bc+ca}=\dfrac{4}{3}\)
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(a=b=c=1\)
![](https://rs.olm.vn/images/avt/0.png?1311)
\(P=\dfrac{1}{bc\left(b+c\right)+2023}+\dfrac{1}{ca\left(c+a\right)+2023}+\dfrac{1}{ab\left(a+b\right)+2023}\left(abc=2023\right)\)
\(\Leftrightarrow P=\dfrac{1}{bc\left(b+c\right)+abc}+\dfrac{1}{ca\left(c+a\right)+abc}+\dfrac{1}{ab\left(a+b\right)+abc}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow P=\dfrac{1}{bc\left(a+b+c\right)}+\dfrac{1}{ca\left(a+b+c\right)}+\dfrac{1}{ab\left(a+b+c\right)}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow P=\dfrac{1}{\left(a+b+c\right)}\left(\dfrac{1}{bc}+\dfrac{1}{ca}+\dfrac{1}{ab}\right)\)
\(\Leftrightarrow P=\dfrac{1}{\left(a+b+c\right)}\left[\dfrac{a^2bc+b^2ca+c^2ab}{\left(abc\right)^2}\right]\)
\(\Leftrightarrow P=\dfrac{1}{\left(a+b+c\right)}\left[\dfrac{abc\left(a+b+c\right)}{\left(abc\right)^2}\right]\)
\(\Leftrightarrow P=\dfrac{1}{abc}=\dfrac{1}{2023}\)
![](https://rs.olm.vn/images/avt/0.png?1311)
Áp dụng t/c dtsbn ta có:
\(\dfrac{a+b-c}{c}=\dfrac{b+c-a}{a}=\dfrac{c+a-b}{b}=\dfrac{a+b-c+b+c-a+c+a-b}{c+a+b}=\dfrac{a+b+c}{a+b+c}=1\)
\(\dfrac{a+b-c}{c}=1\Rightarrow a+b-c=c\Rightarrow a+b=2c\\ \dfrac{b+c-a}{a}=1\Rightarrow b+c-a=a\Rightarrow b+c=2a\\ \dfrac{c+a-b}{b}=1\Rightarrow c+a-b=b\Rightarrow c+a=2b\)
\(\left(1+\dfrac{b}{a}\right)\left(1+\dfrac{a}{c}\right)\left(1+\dfrac{c}{b}\right)\\ =\dfrac{\left(a+b\right)\left(a+c\right)\left(b+c\right)}{abc}\\ =\dfrac{2c.2b.2a}{abc}\\ =\dfrac{8abc}{abc}\\ =8\)
![](https://rs.olm.vn/images/avt/0.png?1311)
Dự đoán điểm rơi xảy ra tại \(\left(a;b;c\right)=\left(3;2;4\right)\)
Đơn giản là kiên nhẫn tính toán và tách biểu thức:
\(D=13\left(\dfrac{a}{18}+\dfrac{c}{24}\right)+13\left(\dfrac{b}{24}+\dfrac{c}{48}\right)+\left(\dfrac{a}{9}+\dfrac{b}{6}+\dfrac{2}{ab}\right)+\left(\dfrac{a}{18}+\dfrac{c}{24}+\dfrac{2}{ac}\right)+\left(\dfrac{b}{8}+\dfrac{c}{16}+\dfrac{2}{bc}\right)+\left(\dfrac{a}{9}+\dfrac{b}{6}+\dfrac{c}{12}+\dfrac{8}{abc}\right)\)
Sau đó Cô-si cho từng ngoặc là được
![](https://rs.olm.vn/images/avt/0.png?1311)
\(Q=\sum\dfrac{\left(a+b\right)^2}{\sqrt{2\left(b+c\right)^2+bc}}\ge\sum\dfrac{\left(a+b\right)^2}{\sqrt{2\left(b+c\right)^2+\dfrac{1}{4}\left(b+c\right)^2}}=\dfrac{2}{3}\sum\dfrac{\left(a+b\right)^2}{b+c}\)
\(Q\ge\dfrac{2}{3}.\dfrac{\left(a+b+b+c+c+a\right)^2}{a+b+b+c+c+a}=\dfrac{4}{3}\left(a+b+c\right)=\dfrac{4}{3}\)
Lời giải:
$a^2+ab=c^2+bc$
$\Rightarrow a(a+b)=c(b+c)\Rightarrow \frac{a+b}{c}=\frac{b+c}{a}(1)$
$a^2+ac=b^2+bc$
$\Rightarrow a(a+c)=b(b+c)\Rightarrow \frac{a+c}{b}=\frac{b+c}{a}(2)$
Từ $(1); (2)\Rightarrow \frac{a+b}{c}=\frac{b+c}{a}+\frac{c+a}{b}$
Áp dụng TCDTSBN:
$\frac{a+b}{c}=\frac{b+c}{a}+\frac{c+a}{b}=\frac{a+b+b+c+c+a}{c+a+b}=\frac{2(a+b+c)}{a+b+c}=2$
$\Rightarrow a+b=2c; b+c=2a; c+a=2b$
$\Rightarrow a+b-(b+c)=2c-2a$
$\Rightarrow a-c=2c-2a\Rightarrow 3a=3c\Rightarrow a=c$
$2b=c+a=a+a=2a\Rightarrow a=b$
Vậy $a=b=c$
Do đó:
$K=(1+\frac{a}{a})(1+\frac{a}{a})(1+\frac{a}{a})=(1+1)(1+1)(1+1)=8$