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29 tháng 12 2020

oh ye me me raise

 

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 31 to 37.Because writing has become so important in our culture, we sometimes think of it as more real than speech. A little thought, however, will show why speech is primary and writing secondary to language. Human beings have been writing (as far as we can tell from surviving evidence) for at least 5000 years; but they have been talking for much longer,...
Đọc tiếp

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 31 to 37.

Because writing has become so important in our culture, we sometimes think of it as more real than speech. A little thought, however, will show why speech is primary and writing secondary to language. Human beings have been writing (as far as we can tell from surviving evidence) for at least 5000 years; but they have been talking for much longer, doubtless ever since there have been human beings.

          When writing did develop, it was derived from and represented speech, although imperfectly. Even today there are spoken languages that have no written form. Furthermore, we all learn to talk well before we learn to write; any human child who is not severely handicapped physically or mentally will learn to talk: a normal human being cannot be prevented from doing so. On the other hand, it takes a special effort to learn to write. In the past many intelligent and useful members of society did not acquire the skill, and even today many who speak languages with writing systems never learn to read or write, while some who learn the rudiments of those skills do so only imperfectly.

          To affirm the primacy of speech over writing is not, however, to disparage the latter. One advantage writing has over speech is that it is more permanent and makes possible the records that any civilization must have. Thus, if speaking makes us human, writing makes us civilized.

Question:According to the author, one mark of any civilized society is that it______.

A. keeps written records.

B. affirms the primacy of speech over writing.

C. teaches its children to speak perfectly.

D. affirms the primacy of writing over speech.

1
10 tháng 7 2017

Đáp án A

Theo như nhà văn, 1 dấu hiệu của bất kì xã hội văn minh nào đó là nó ______.

A. giữ lại những ghi chép bằng chữ viết.

B. khẳng định tầm quan trọng của lời nói thông qua chữ viết.

C. dạy con cái mình nó chuyện một cách hoàn hảo. 

D. khẳng định tầm quan trọng của chữ viết thông qua lời nói.

Dẫn chứng ở 2 câu cuối cùng: “One advantage writing has over speech is that it is more permanent and makes possible the records that any civilization must have. Thus, if speaking makes us human, writing makes us civilized”- (Một ưu thế của chữ viết vượt trội hơn lời nói đó là nó vĩnh cửu và làm cho có khả thi đối với những ghi chép mà bất kì nền văn minh nào cũng cần phải có. Do đó, nếu nói tiếng nói làm cho chúng ta thành người, thì chính chữ viết khiến cho chúng ta văn minh, tiến bộ).

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions below.     Because writing has become so important in our culture, we sometimes think of it as more real than speech. A little thought, however, will show why speech is primary and writing secondary to language. Human beings have been writing (as far as we can tell from surviving evidence) for at least 5000 years; but they have been talking for much longer,...
Đọc tiếp

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions below.

     Because writing has become so important in our culture, we sometimes think of it as more real than speech. A little thought, however, will show why speech is primary and writing secondary to language. Human beings have been writing (as far as we can tell from surviving evidence) for at least 5000 years; but they have been talking for much longer, doubtless ever since there have been human beings.

     When writing did develop, it was derived from and represented speech, although imperfectly. Even today there are spoken languages that have no written form. Furthermore, we all learn to talk well before we learn to write; any human child who is not severely handicapped physically or mentally will learn to talk. a normal human being cannot be prevented from doing so. On the other hand, it takes a special effort to learn to write. In the past many intelligent and useful members of society did not acquire the skill, and even today many who speak languages with writing systems never learn to read or write, while some who learn the rudiments of those skills do so only imperfectly.

     To affirm the primacy of speech over writing is not, however, to disparage the latter. One advantage writing has over speech is that it is more permanent and makes possible the records that any civilization must have. Thus, if speaking makes us human, writing makes us civilized.

 

It can be inferred from the passage that the Puritans who traveled to the Massachusetts colony were ________.

A. rather rich

B. Rather well educated

C. rather supportive of the English government

D. rather undemocratic

1
28 tháng 1 2019

Đáp án B

Có thể suy ra từ bài đọc rằng người Puritans đã đi đến lục địa Massachusetts thì _____

A.khá giàu

B. có học thức khá tốt

C. được hỗ trợ của chính phủ Anh

D. khá là không dân chủ

Dẫn chứng: Included in the Puritan emigrants to the Massachusetts colony during this period were more than 100 graduates of England’s prestigious Oxford and Cambridge universities, and these universities graduates in the New Word were determined that their sons would have the same educational opportunities that they themselves had had.

Tạm dịch: Được bao gồm những người nhập cư Puritans đến Massachusetts trong giai đoạn này hơn 100 cử nhân của trường đại học Oxford và Cambridge danh tiếng, và những vị cử nhân này trong Thế giới Mới quyết tâm rằng con trai của họ cũng phải có cơ hội giáo dục như họ đã từng

=> Đáp án B

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or B on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 30 to 37.   Because writing has become so important in our culture, we sometimes think of it as more real than speech. A little thought, however, will show why speech is primary and writing secondary to language. Human beings have been writing at least 5,000 years, but they have been talking for much longer, doubtless ever since there have been human...
Đọc tiếp

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or B on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 30 to 37.

  Because writing has become so important in our culture, we sometimes think of it as more real than speech. A little thought, however, will show why speech is primary and writing secondary to language. Human beings have been writing at least 5,000 years, but they have been talking for much longer, doubtless ever since there have been human beings. When writing developed, it was derived from and represented speech, although imperfectly. Even today, there are spoken languages that have no written form. Furthermore, we all learn to talk well before we learn to write; any child who is not severely handicapped physically or mentally will learn to talk: a normal man cannot be prevented from doing so. On the other hand, it takes a special effort to learn to write; in the past, many intelligent and useful members of society did not acquire the skill, and even today many who speak languages with writing systems never learn to read or write while some who learn the rudiments of those skills do so imperfectly.

  To affirm the primacy of speech over writing is not to disparage the later. One advantage writing has over speech is that it is more permanent and makes possible the records that any civilization must have. Thus, if speaking makes us human, writing makes us civilized.

According to the author, one mark of a civilized society is that if _________.

A. affirms the primacy of speech over writing

B. affirms the primacy of writing over speech 

C. teaches its children to speak perfectly 

D. keeps written records

1
20 tháng 7 2017

Đáp án D

Theo tác giả, một dấu hiệu của một xã hội văn minh là nó

A. khẳng định tính ưu việt của lời nói vượt trội hơn viết

B. khẳng định tính ưu việt của viết vượt trội hơn lời nói

C. dạy cho trẻ em nói một cách hoàn hảo

D. giữ hồ sơ bằng văn bản

Dẫn chứng: "To affirm the primacy of speech over writing is not, however, to disparage the latter. One advantage writing has over speech is that it is more permanent and makes possible the records that any civilization must have." (Để khẳng định tính ưu việt của lời nói lớn hơn viết không phải là để xem thường nó. Một lợi thế mà viết vượt lên trên lời nói là nó vĩnh viễn hơn và có thể làm các hồ sơ mà bất kỳ nền văn minh nào cũng phải có.

Read the following passage andmark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correctanswerto each ofthe questions from 43 to 50.Most of us know a little about how babies learn to talk. From the time infants are born, they hear language because their parents talk to them all the time. Between the ages of seven and ten months, most infants begin to make sounds. They repeat the same sounds over and over again. This is called babbling. When babies babble, they are practicing...
Đọc tiếp

Read the following passage andmark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correctanswerto each ofthe questions from 43 to 50.

Most of us know a little about how babies learn to talk. From the time infants are born, they hear language because their parents talk to them all the time. Between the ages of seven and ten months, most infants begin to make sounds. They repeat the same sounds over and over again. This is called babbling. When babies babble, they are practicing their language.

What happens, though, to children who cannot hear? How do deaf children learn to communicate? Recently, doctors have learned that deaf babies babble with their hands. Laura Ann Petitto, a psychologist, observed three hearing infants with English-speaking parents and two deaf infants with deaf parents using American Sign Language (ASL) to communicate. Dr. Petitto studied the babies three times: at 10, 12, and 14 months. During this time, children really begin to develop their language skills.

After watching and videotaping the children for several hundred hours, the psychologist and her assistants made many important observations. For example, they saw that the hearing children made varied motions with their hands. However, there appeared to be no pattern to these motions. The deaf babies also made different movements with their hands, but these movements were more consistent and deliberate. The deaf babies seemed to make the same hand movements over and over again. During the four-month period, the deaf babies' hand motions started to resemble some basic hand-shapes used in ASL. The children also seemed to prefer certain hand-shapes.

Hearing infants start first with simple syllable babbling, then put more syllables together to sound like real sentences and questions. Apparently, deaf babies follow this same pattern, too. First, they repeat simple hand- shapes. Next, they form some simple hand signs and use these movements together to resemble ASL sentences.

Linguists believe that our ability for language is innate. In other words, humans are born with the capacity for language: It does not matter if we are physically able to speak or not. Language can be expressed in different ways - for instance, by speech or by sign. Dr. Petitto believes this theory and wants to prove it. She plans to study hearing children who have one deaf parent and one hearing parent. She wants to see what happens when babies have the opportunity to learn both sign language and speech. Does the human brain prefer speech? Some of these studies of hearing babies who have one deaf parent and one hearing parent show that the babies babble equally with their hands and their voices. They also produce their first words, both spoken and signed, at about the same time. More studies in the future may prove that the sign system of the deaf is the physical equivalent of speech.

Adapted from “Issues for Today” by Lorraine C. Smith and Nancy Nici Mare

According to paragraph 1, babies begin to babble ___________.

A. at their first moment after birth

B. at their first experience of language

C. when they are more than 6 months old

D. when they first hear their parents talk to them

1
12 tháng 1 2017

Đáp án C

Theo đoạn 1, trẻ con bắt đầu bập bẹ................

A.ngay khi vừa sinh ra                      C. khi chúng hơn 6 tháng tuổi

B. trải nghiệm đầu tiên về ngôn ngữ           D. khi lần đầu nghe bố mẹ trò chuyện với chúng

Dẫn chứng: Between the ages of seven and ten months, most infants begin to make sounds. They repeat the same sounds over and over again. This is called babbling.

Read the following passage andmark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correctanswerto each ofthe questions from 43 to 50.Most of us know a little about how babies learn to talk. From the time infants are born, they hear language because their parents talk to them all the time. Between the ages of seven and ten months, most infants begin to make sounds. They repeat the same sounds over and over again. This is called babbling. When babies babble, they are practicing...
Đọc tiếp

Read the following passage andmark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correctanswerto each ofthe questions from 43 to 50.

Most of us know a little about how babies learn to talk. From the time infants are born, they hear language because their parents talk to them all the time. Between the ages of seven and ten months, most infants begin to make sounds. They repeat the same sounds over and over again. This is called babbling. When babies babble, they are practicing their language.

What happens, though, to children who cannot hear? How do deaf children learn to communicate? Recently, doctors have learned that deaf babies babble with their hands. Laura Ann Petitto, a psychologist, observed three hearing infants with English-speaking parents and two deaf infants with deaf parents using American Sign Language (ASL) to communicate. Dr. Petitto studied the babies three times: at 10, 12, and 14 months. During this time, children really begin to develop their language skills.

After watching and videotaping the children for several hundred hours, the psychologist and her assistants made many important observations. For example, they saw that the hearing children made varied motions with their hands. However, there appeared to be no pattern to these motions. The deaf babies also made different movements with their hands, but these movements were more consistent and deliberate. The deaf babies seemed to make the same hand movements over and over again. During the four-month period, the deaf babies' hand motions started to resemble some basic hand-shapes used in ASL. The children also seemed to prefer certain hand-shapes.

Hearing infants start first with simple syllable babbling, then put more syllables together to sound like real sentences and questions. Apparently, deaf babies follow this same pattern, too. First, they repeat simple hand- shapes. Next, they form some simple hand signs and use these movements together to resemble ASL sentences.

Linguists believe that our ability for language is innate. In other words, humans are born with the capacity for language: It does not matter if we are physically able to speak or not. Language can be expressed in different ways - for instance, by speech or by sign. Dr. Petitto believes this theory and wants to prove it. She plans to study hearing children who have one deaf parent and one hearing parent. She wants to see what happens when babies have the opportunity to learn both sign language and speech. Does the human brain prefer speech? Some of these studies of hearing babies who have one deaf parent and one hearing parent show that the babies babble equally with their hands and their voices. They also produce their first words, both spoken and signed, at about the same time. More studies in the future may prove that the sign system of the deaf is the physical equivalent of speech.

Adapted from “Issues for Today” by Lorraine C. Smith and Nancy Nici Mare

The word “resemble” in paragraph 3 refers to ___________.

A. making initial movements

B. studying funny movements

C. creating strange movements

D. producing similar movements

1
22 tháng 10 2019

Đáp án D

Từ “resemble” ở đoạn 3 ám chỉ đến...................

A.làm những cử động đầu tiên                             C. tạo ra những cử động lạ

B. nghiên cứu những cử động buồn cười              D. tạo ra những cử động tương tự

Dẫn chứng: During the four-month period, the deaf babies' hand motions started to resemble some basic hand-shapes used in ASL

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions. Because writing has become so important in our culture, we sometimes think of it as more real than speech. A little thought, however, will show why speech is primary and writing secondary to language. Human beings have been writing at least 5,000 years, but they have been talking for much longer, doubtless ever since there have been human beings. When...
Đọc tiếp

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

Because writing has become so important in our culture, we sometimes think of it as more real than speech. A little thought, however, will show why speech is primary and writing secondary to language. Human beings have been writing at least 5,000 years, but they have been talking for much longer, doubtless ever since there have been human beings. When writing developed, it was derived from and represented speech, although imperfectly. Even today, there are spoken languages that have no written form. Furthermore, we all learn to talk well before we learn to write; any child who is not severely handicapped physically or mentally will learn to talk: a normal man cannot be prevented from doing so. On the other hand, it takes a special effort to learn to write; in the past, many intelligent and useful members of society did not acquire the skill, and even today many who speak languages with writing systems never learn to read or write while some who learn the rudiments of those skills do so imperfectly.

To affirm the primacy of speech over writing is not to disparage the later. One advantage writing has over speech is that it is more permanent and makes possible the records that any civilization must have. Thus, if speaking makes us human, writing makes us civilized.

According to the author, one mark of a civilized society is that if _______ .

A. affirms the primacy of speech over writing

B. affirms the primacy of writing over speech

C. teaches its children to speak perfectly

D. keeps written records

1
4 tháng 12 2017

Chọn đáp án D

Theo tác giả, một dấu hiệu của một xã hội văn minh là nó

A. khẳng định tính ưu việt của lời nói vượt trội hơn viết

B. khẳng định tính ưu việt của viết vượt trội hơn lời nói

C. dạy cho trẻ em nói một cách hoàn hảo

D. giữ hồ sơ bằng văn bản

Đáp án D

Thông tin ở câu: "To affirm the primacy of speech over writing is not, however, to disparage the latter. One advantage writing has over speech is that it is more permanent and makes possible the records that any civilization must have." (Để khẳng định tính ưu việt của lời nói lớn hơn viết không phải là để xem thường nó. Một lợi thế mà viết vượt lên trên lời nói là nó vĩnh viễn hơn và có thể làm các hồ sơ mà bất kỳ nền văn minh nào cũng phải có.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.Because writing has become so important in our culture, we sometimes think of it as more real than speech. A little thought, however, will show why speech is primary and writing secondary to language. Human beings have been writing at least 5,000 years, but they have been talking for much longer, doubtless ever since there have been human beings. When writing...
Đọc tiếp

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

Because writing has become so important in our culture, we sometimes think of it as more real than speech. A little thought, however, will show why speech is primary and writing secondary to language. Human beings have been writing at least 5,000 years, but they have been talking for much longer, doubtless ever since there have been human beings. When writing developed, it was derived from and represented speech, although imperfectly. Even today, there are spoken languages that have no written form. Furthermore, we all learn to talk well before we learn to write; any child who is not severely handicapped physically or mentally will learn to talk: a normal man cannot be prevented from doing so. On the other hand, it takes a special effort to learn to write; in the past, many intelligent and useful members of society did not acquire the skill, and even today many who speak languages with writing systems never learn to read or write while some who learn the rudiments of those skills do so imperfectly.

To affirm the primacy of speech over writing is not to disparage the later. One advantage writing has over speech is that it is more permanent and makes possible the records that any civilization must have. Thus, if speaking makes us human, writing makes us civilized.

According to the author, one mark of a civilized society is that if _______

A. affirms the primacy of speech over writing

B. affirms the primacy of writing over speech

C. teaches its children to speak perfectly

D. keeps written records

1
12 tháng 4 2019

Đáp án D

Theo tác giả, một dấu hiệu của một xã hội văn minh là nó 

A. khẳng định tính ưu việt của lời nói vượt trội hơn viết 

B. khẳng định tính ưu việt của viết vượt trội hơn lời nói 

C. dạy cho trẻ em nói một cách hoàn hảo 

D. giữ hồ sơ bằng văn bản 

Đáp án D 

Thông tin ở câu: "To affirm the primacy of speech over writing is not, however, to disparage the latter. One advantage writing has over speech is that it is more permanent and makes possible the records that any civilization must have." (Để khẳng định tính ưu việt của lời nói lớn hơn viết không phải là để xem thường nó. Một lợi thế mà viết vượt lên trên lời nói là nó vĩnh viễn hơn và có thể làm các hồ sơ mà bất kỳ nền văn minh nào cũng phải có.

Read the following passage andmark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correctanswerto each ofthe questions from 43 to 50.Most of us know a little about how babies learn to talk. From the time infants are born, they hear language because their parents talk to them all the time. Between the ages of seven and ten months, most infants begin to make sounds. They repeat the same sounds over and over again. This is called babbling. When babies babble, they are practicing...
Đọc tiếp

Read the following passage andmark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correctanswerto each ofthe questions from 43 to 50.

Most of us know a little about how babies learn to talk. From the time infants are born, they hear language because their parents talk to them all the time. Between the ages of seven and ten months, most infants begin to make sounds. They repeat the same sounds over and over again. This is called babbling. When babies babble, they are practicing their language.

What happens, though, to children who cannot hear? How do deaf children learn to communicate? Recently, doctors have learned that deaf babies babble with their hands. Laura Ann Petitto, a psychologist, observed three hearing infants with English-speaking parents and two deaf infants with deaf parents using American Sign Language (ASL) to communicate. Dr. Petitto studied the babies three times: at 10, 12, and 14 months. During this time, children really begin to develop their language skills.

After watching and videotaping the children for several hundred hours, the psychologist and her assistants made many important observations. For example, they saw that the hearing children made varied motions with their hands. However, there appeared to be no pattern to these motions. The deaf babies also made different movements with their hands, but these movements were more consistent and deliberate. The deaf babies seemed to make the same hand movements over and over again. During the four-month period, the deaf babies' hand motions started to resemble some basic hand-shapes used in ASL. The children also seemed to prefer certain hand-shapes.

Hearing infants start first with simple syllable babbling, then put more syllables together to sound like real sentences and questions. Apparently, deaf babies follow this same pattern, too. First, they repeat simple hand- shapes. Next, they form some simple hand signs and use these movements together to resemble ASL sentences.

Linguists believe that our ability for language is innate. In other words, humans are born with the capacity for language: It does not matter if we are physically able to speak or not. Language can be expressed in different ways - for instance, by speech or by sign. Dr. Petitto believes this theory and wants to prove it. She plans to study hearing children who have one deaf parent and one hearing parent. She wants to see what happens when babies have the opportunity to learn both sign language and speech. Does the human brain prefer speech? Some of these studies of hearing babies who have one deaf parent and one hearing parent show that the babies babble equally with their hands and their voices. They also produce their first words, both spoken and signed, at about the same time. More studies in the future may prove that the sign system of the deaf is the physical equivalent of speech.

Adapted from “Issues for Today” by Lorraine C. Smith and Nancy Nici Mare

It is stated in paragraph 3 that both the deaf and the hearing children made movements with their hands, but _________.

A. only the hearing children made different movements

B. the deaf children made less consistent hand movements

C. the hearing children only repeated the same hand motions

D. only the deaf children repeated the same hand motions

1
23 tháng 12 2017

Đáp án A

Đoạn 3 thể hiện rằng cả trẻ em điếc và trẻ em biết nghe đều tạo ra những cử động với tay nhưng..........

A.chỉ trẻ em biết nghe làm những cử động khác nhau

B. trẻ em điếc làm ít những động tác tay ít thống nhất hơn.

C. trẻ em biết nghe chỉ thực hiện những cử động tay giống nhau

D. chỉ trẻ em điếc lặp lại những động tác tay giống nhau

Dẫn chứng: the hearing children made varied motions with their hands. However, there appeared to be no pattern to these motions. The deaf babies also made different movements with their hands, but these movements were more consistent and deliberate

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 39 to 46. Because writing has become so important in our culture, we sometimes think of it as more real than speech. A little thought, however, will show why speech is primary and writing secondary to language. Human beings have been writing (as far as we can tell from surviving evidence) for at least 5000 years; but they have been talking for much...
Đọc tiếp

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 39 to 46.

Because writing has become so important in our culture, we sometimes think of it as more real than speech. A little thought, however, will show why speech is primary and writing secondary to language. Human beings have been writing (as far as we can tell from surviving evidence) for at least 5000 years; but they have been talking for much longer, doubtless ever since there have been human beings.

When writing did develop, it was derived from and represented speech, although imperfectly. Even today there are spoken languages that have no written form. Furthermore, we all learn to talk well before we learn to write; any human child who is not severely handicapped physically or mentally will learn to talk: a normal human being cannot be prevented from doing so. On the other hand, it takes a special effort to learn to write. In the past many intelligent and useful members of society did not acquire the skill, and even today many who speak languages with writing systems never learn to read or write, while some who learn the rudiments of those skills do so only imperfectly.

To affirm the primacy of speech over writing is not, however, to disparage the latter. One advantage writing has over speech is that it is more permanent and makes possible the records that any civilization must have. Thus, if speaking makes us human, writing makes us civilized.

We sometimes think of writing as more real than speech because ______.

A. it has become very important in our culture

B. people have been writing since there have been human beings

C. writing is secondary to language

D. human beings have been writing for at least 5000 years

1
6 tháng 7 2017

Kiến thức: Đọc hiểu

Giải thích:

Chúng ta thường nghĩ viết thật hơn nói bởi vì_________.

A. nó rất quan trọng trong nền văn hóa của chúng ta                    B. con người đã viết kể từ khi có con người

C. viết là ngôn ngữ thứ yếu                                                              D. con người đã viết trong ít nhất 5000 năm

Thông tin: Because writing has become so important in our culture, we sometimes think of it as more real than speech.

Tạm dịch: Bởi vì viết trở nên rất quan trọng trong nền văn hóa của chúng ta, đôi khi chúng ta nghĩ về nó thực hơn lời nói.

Chọn A

Dịch bài đọc:

Bởi vì viết trở nên rất quan trọng trong nền văn hóa của chúng ta, đôi khi chúng ta nghĩ về nó thực hơn lời nói. Tuy nhiên, suy nghĩ một chút sẽ thấy tại sao lời nói lại là chủ yếu và viết là thứ yếu với ngôn ngữ. Con người đã viết (như chúng ta có thể nói từ bằng chứng còn sót lại) ít nhất 5000 năm; nhưng học đã nói chuyện lâu hơn thế, chắc chắn kể từ khi có con người.

Khi viết đã phát triển, nó được bắt nguồn từ và thể hiện lời nói, mặc dù không hoàn hảo. Thậm chí ngày nay, có ngôn ngữ nói được mà không có hình thức viết. Hơn nữa, tất cả chúng ta học cách nói tốt trước khi chúng ta học viết; bất kỳ đứa trẻ nào mà không bị khuyết tật nghiêm trọng về thể chất hay tinh thần sẽ học nói: một người bình thường không thể bị ngăn cản làm việc đó. Mặt khác, nó cần một nỗ lực đặc biệt để học viết. Trong quá khứ nhiều thành viên thông minh và hữu ích của xã hội đã không có được kỹ năng đó, và ngay cả ngày nay nhiều người nói ngôn ngữ với hệ thống viết cũng không bao giờ học đọc hoặc viết, trong khi một số người tìm hiểu những nguyên lý cơ bản của những kỹ năng này làm như vậy chỉ không hoàn hảo.

Tuy nhiên, để kh ng định tính ưu việt của lời nói vượt trên viết không phải là chê bai cái sau. Một lợi thế mà viết có trên lời nói là nó lâu dài hơn và làm có thể các ghi ch p mà bất kỳ nền văn minh nào cũng phải có. Do đó, nếu nói làm chúng ta người hơn, viết lại làm cho chúng ta văn minh.