Chứng minh rằng: \(B=\frac{1}{2^3}+\frac{1}{3^3}+...+\frac{1}{2019^3}< \frac{1}{2^2}\)
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\(D=\frac{1}{4}+\frac{2}{4^2}+\frac{3}{4^3}+\frac{4}{4^4}+...+\frac{2018}{4^{2018}}+\frac{2019}{4^{2019}}\)
\(\Rightarrow4D=1+\frac{2}{4}+\frac{3}{4^2}+\frac{4}{4^3}+...+\frac{2018}{4^{2017}}+\frac{2019}{4^{2018}}\)
\(\Rightarrow4D-D=1+\frac{2}{4}+\frac{3}{4^2}+\frac{4}{4^3}+...+\frac{2018}{4^{2017}}+\frac{2019}{4^{2018}}\)
\(-\frac{1}{4}-\frac{2}{4^2}-\frac{3}{4^3}-\frac{4}{4^4}-...-\frac{2018}{4^{2018}}-\frac{2019}{4^{2019}}\)
\(\Rightarrow3D=1+\left(\frac{1}{4}+\frac{1}{4^2}+\frac{1}{4^3}+...+\frac{1}{4^{2018}}\right)-\frac{2019}{4^{2019}}\)
Đặt \(M=\frac{1}{4}+\frac{1}{4^2}+\frac{1}{4^3}+\frac{1}{4^4}+...+\frac{1}{4^{2018}}\)
\(\Rightarrow4M=1+\frac{1}{4}+\frac{1}{4^2}+\frac{1}{4^3}+...+\frac{1}{4^{2017}}\)
\(\Rightarrow4M-M=1+\frac{1}{4}+\frac{1}{4^2}+\frac{1}{4^3}+...+\frac{1}{4^{2017}}\)
\(-\frac{1}{4}-\frac{1}{4^2}-\frac{1}{4^3}-\frac{1}{4^4}-...-\frac{1}{4^{2018}}\)
\(\Rightarrow3M=1-\frac{1}{4^{2018}}\)
\(\Rightarrow M=\frac{1}{3}-\frac{1}{3.4^{2018}}\)
\(\Rightarrow3D=1+\frac{1}{3}-\frac{1}{3.4^{2018}}-\frac{2019}{4^{2019}}\)
\(\Rightarrow3D=\frac{4}{3}-\frac{1}{3.4^{2018}}-\frac{2019}{4^{2019}}< \frac{4}{3}\)
\(\Rightarrow D< \frac{4}{9}=\frac{40}{90}< \frac{45}{90}=\frac{1}{2}\left(đpcm\right)\)

a/
\(2A=1+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{2^2}+...+\frac{1}{2^{99}}\)
\(A=2A-A=1-\frac{1}{2^{100}}< 1\)
b/
\(3B=1+\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{3^2}+...+\frac{1}{3^{2018}}\)
\(2B=3B-B=1-\frac{1}{3^{2019}}\Rightarrow B=\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{2.3^{2019}}< \frac{1}{2}\)

Làm theo cách của Trắng nha ,
\(\frac{1}{2^2}+\frac{1}{3^2}+\frac{1}{4^2}+...+\frac{1}{2019^2}< \frac{1}{2^2}+\frac{1}{2.3}+\frac{1}{3.4}+...+\frac{1}{2018.2019}\)
\(\Rightarrow\frac{1}{2^2}+\frac{1}{3^2}+\frac{1}{4^2}+...+\frac{1}{2019^2}< \frac{1}{2^2}+\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{3}-\frac{1}{4}+...+\frac{1}{2018}-\frac{1}{2019}\)
\(\Rightarrow\frac{1}{2^2}+\frac{1}{3^2}+\frac{1}{4^2}+...+\frac{1}{2019^2}< \frac{1}{4}+\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{2019}\)
\(\Rightarrow\frac{1}{2^2}+\frac{1}{3^2}+\frac{1}{4^2}+...+\frac{1}{2019^2}< \frac{3}{4}-\frac{1}{2019}< \frac{3}{4}\left(Đpcm\right)\)
Ta có: \(\frac{1}{2^2}=\frac{1}{2^2}\)
\(\frac{1}{3^2}< \frac{1}{2.3}\)
...................
\(\frac{1}{2019^2}< \frac{1}{2018.2019}\)
\(\Rightarrow\frac{1}{2^2}+\frac{1}{3^2}+...+\frac{1}{2019^2}< \frac{1}{2^2}+\frac{1}{2.3}+...+\frac{1}{2018.2019}\)
\(=\frac{1}{2^2}+\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{3}+...+\frac{1}{2018}-\frac{1}{2019}\)
\(=\frac{1}{4}+\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{2019}\)
\(=\frac{1}{4}+\frac{2}{4}-\frac{1}{2019}\)
\(=\frac{3}{4}-\frac{1}{2019}\)\(< \frac{3}{4}\)
\(\Rightarrow\)\(\frac{1}{2^2}+\frac{1}{3^2}+...+\frac{1}{2019^2}< \frac{3}{4}\)
Điều phải chứng minh

Đặt \(A=\frac{1}{2^2}+\frac{1}{3^2}+....+\frac{1}{2019^2}\)
\(\Rightarrow A=\frac{1}{2^2}+\left(\frac{1}{3^2}+\frac{1}{4^2}+\frac{1}{5^2}+...+\frac{1}{2019^2}\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow A< \frac{1}{4}+\left(\frac{1}{2.3}+\frac{1}{3.4}+\frac{1}{4.5}+...+\frac{1}{2018.2019}\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow A< \frac{1}{4}+\left(\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{3}-\frac{1}{4}+\frac{1}{4}-\frac{1}{5}+..+\frac{1}{2018}-\frac{1}{2019}\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow A< \frac{1}{4}+\left(\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{2019}\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow A< \frac{1}{4}+\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{2019}=\frac{3}{4}-\frac{1}{2019}< \frac{3}{4}\)
\(\Rightarrow A< \frac{3}{4}\)

\(5A=\frac{1}{5}+\frac{2}{5^2}+\frac{3}{5^3}+...+\frac{99}{5^{99}}\)
\(A=\frac{1}{5^2}+\frac{2}{5^3}+\frac{3}{5^4}+...+\frac{99}{5^{100}}\)
\(\Rightarrow4A=5A-A=\frac{1}{5}+\frac{1}{5^2}+\frac{1}{5^3}+...+\frac{1}{5^{99}}-\frac{99}{5^{100}}\)
Đặt \(B=\frac{1}{5}+\frac{1}{5^2}+...+\frac{1}{5^{99}}\)
Khi đó \(4A=B-\frac{99}{5^{100}}< B\)
\(5B=1+\frac{1}{5}+\frac{1}{5^2}+...+\frac{1}{5^{98}}\)
\(B=\frac{1}{5}+\frac{1}{5^2}+...+\frac{1}{5^{98}}+\frac{1}{5^{99}}\)
\(\Rightarrow4B=5B-B=1-\frac{1}{5^{99}}\)
\(\Rightarrow B=\frac{1}{4}-\frac{1}{4\cdot5^{99}}< \frac{1}{4}\)
\(\Rightarrow4A < B\Rightarrow4A< \frac{1}{4}\)
\(\Rightarrow A< \frac{1}{16}\) ( đpcm )
2. \(M=\left(1+\frac{1}{3}+...+\frac{1}{2019}\right)-\left(\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{4}+...+\frac{1}{2018}\right)\)
\(M=\left(1+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{3}+...+\frac{1}{2018}+\frac{1}{2019}\right)-2\left(\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{4}+...+\frac{1}{2018}\right)\)
\(M=\left(1+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{3}+...+\frac{1}{2019}\right)-\left(1+\frac{1}{2}+...+\frac{1}{1009}\right)\)
\(M=\frac{1}{1010}+\frac{1}{1011}+...+\frac{1}{2019}\)
\(\Rightarrow\left(M-N\right)^3=0\)
+ \(n^3=n\cdot n^2>n\left(n^2-1\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow n^3>n\left(n^2+n-n-1\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow n^3>n\left[n\left(n+1\right)-\left(n-1\right)\right]\)
\(\Rightarrow n^3>n\left(n-1\right)\left(n+1\right)\)\(\Rightarrow\frac{1}{n^3}< \frac{1}{\left(n-1\right)n\left(n+1\right)}\)
\(\Rightarrow\frac{1}{n^3}< \frac{1}{2}\left[\frac{\left(n+1\right)-\left(n-1\right)}{\left(n-1\right)n\left(n+1\right)}\right]=\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{1}{\left(n-1\right)n}-\frac{1}{n\left(n+1\right)}\right)\)
Do đó : \(B< \frac{1}{1\cdot2\cdot3}+\frac{1}{2\cdot3\cdot4}+...+\frac{1}{2018\cdot2019\cdot2020}\)
\(\Rightarrow B< \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{1}{1\cdot2}-\frac{1}{2\cdot3}+...+\frac{1}{2018\cdot2019}-\frac{1}{2019\cdot2020}\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow B< \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{2019\cdot2020}\right)< \frac{1}{4}\)