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\(x^3+y^3-9xy=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(x+y\right)^3-3x^2y-3xy^2-9xy=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(x+y\right)^3+27-3xy\left(x+y+3\right)=27\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(x+y+3\right)\left[\left(x+y\right)^2-3\left(x+y\right)+9\right]-3xy\left(x+y+3\right)-27=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(x+y+3\right)\left(x^2+2xy+y^2-3x-3y+9-3xy\right)-27=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(x+y+3\right)\left(x^2-xy+y^2-3x-3y+9\right)-27=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(x+y+3\right)\left(2x^2-2xy+2y^2-6x-6y+18\right)-54=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(x+y+3\right)\left[\left(x-y\right)^2+\left(x-3\right)^2+\left(y-3\right)^2\right]=54\)
Do x, y > 0 => x + y + 3 > 3
Mà x, y nguyên dương => \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x+y+3\in Z^+\\\left(x-y\right)^2+\left(x-3\right)^2+\left(y-3\right)^2\in Z^+\end{matrix}\right.\)
Và \(\left(x-y\right)^2+\left(x-3\right)^2+\left(y-3\right)^2⋮2\)
TH1: \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x+y+3=9\\\left(x-y\right)^2+\left(x-3\right)^2+\left(y-3\right)^2=6\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x+y=6\\x^2-xy+y^2-3x-3y=-6\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(\Leftrightarrow x^2-x\left(6-x\right)+\left(6-x\right)^2-3x-3\left(6-x\right)=-6\)
\(\Leftrightarrow x^2-6x+8=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(x-4\right)\left(x-2\right)=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}x=4\left(tm\right)\Leftrightarrow y=2\left(tm\right)\\x=2\left(tm\right)\Leftrightarrow y=4\left(tm\right)\end{matrix}\right.\)
TH2: \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x+y+3=27\\\left(x-y\right)^2+\left(x-3\right)^2+\left(y-3\right)^2=2\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x+y=24\\x^2-xy+y^2-3x-3y=-8\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(\Leftrightarrow x^2-x\left(24-x\right)+\left(24-x\right)^2-3x-3\left(24-x\right)=-8\)
\(\Leftrightarrow3x^2-72x+512=0\) (vô nghiệm)
KL: Vậy phương trình có tập nghiệm (x;y) = [(2;4);(4;2)]
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\(\Leftrightarrow2x^2+x+2=y\left(2x-1\right)\)
\(\Leftrightarrow y=\dfrac{2x^2+x+2}{2x-1}=x+1+\dfrac{3}{2x-1}\)
\(y\in Z\Rightarrow\dfrac{3}{2x-1}\in Z\)
Mà x nguyên dương \(\Rightarrow2x-1>0\)
\(\Rightarrow2x-1=Ư\left(3\right)\Rightarrow x=\left\{1;2\right\}\)
\(\Rightarrow\left(x;y\right)=\left(1;5\right);\left(2;4\right)\)
![](https://rs.olm.vn/images/avt/0.png?1311)
Bài 1 :
Phương trình <=> 2x . x2 = ( 3y + 1 ) 2 + 15
Vì \(\hept{\begin{cases}3y+1\equiv1\left(mod3\right)\\15\equiv0\left(mod3\right)\end{cases}\Rightarrow\left(3y+1\right)^2+15\equiv1\left(mod3\right)}\)
\(\Rightarrow2^x.x^2\equiv1\left(mod3\right)\Rightarrow x^2\equiv1\left(mod3\right)\)
( Vì số chính phương chia 3 dư 0 hoặc 1 )
\(\Rightarrow2^x\equiv1\left(mod3\right)\Rightarrow x\equiv2k\left(k\inℕ\right)\)
Vậy \(2^{2k}.\left(2k\right)^2-\left(3y+1\right)^2=15\Leftrightarrow\left(2^k.2.k-3y-1\right).\left(2^k.2k+3y+1\right)=15\)
Vì y ,k \(\inℕ\)nên 2k . 2k + 3y + 1 > 2k .2k - 3y-1>0
Vậy ta có các trường hợp:
\(+\hept{\begin{cases}2k.2k-3y-1=1\\2k.2k+3y+1=15\end{cases}\Leftrightarrow\hept{\begin{cases}2k.2k=8\\3y+1=7\end{cases}\Rightarrow}k\notinℕ\left(L\right)}\)
\(+,\hept{\begin{cases}2k.2k-3y-1=3\\2k.2k+3y+1=5\end{cases}\Leftrightarrow\hept{\begin{cases}2k.2k=4\\3y+1=1\end{cases}\Rightarrow}\hept{\begin{cases}k=1\\y=0\end{cases}\left(TM\right)}}\)
Vậy ( x ; y ) =( 2 ; 0 )
Bài 3:
Giả sử \(5^p-2^p=a^m\) \(\left(a;m\inℕ,a,m\ge2\right)\)
Với \(p=2\Rightarrow a^m=21\left(l\right)\)
Với \(p=3\Rightarrow a^m=117\left(l\right)\)
Với \(p>3\)nên p lẻ, ta có
\(5^p-2^p=3\left(5^{p-1}+2.5^{p-2}+...+2^{p-1}\right)\Rightarrow5^p-2^p=3^k\left(1\right)\) \(\left(k\inℕ,k\ge2\right)\)
Mà \(5\equiv2\left(mod3\right)\Rightarrow5^x.2^{p-1-x}\equiv2^{p-1}\left(mod3\right),x=\overline{1,p-1}\)
\(\Rightarrow5^{p-1}+2.5^{p-2}+...+2^{p-1}\equiv p.2^{p-1}\left(mod3\right)\)
Vì p và \(2^{p-1}\)không chia hết cho 3 nên \(5^{p-1}+2.5^{p-2}+...+2^{p-1}⋮̸3\)
Do đó: \(5^p-2^p\ne3^k\), mâu thuẫn với (1). Suy ra giả sử là điều vô lý
\(\rightarrowĐPCM\)
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\(x+y+4=0\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}y=-4-x\\x+y=-4\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(x^3+y^3=\left(x+y\right)^3-3xy\left(x+y\right)=\left(-4\right)^3-3xy.\left(-4\right)=12xy-64\)
\(\Rightarrow P=2\left(12xy-64\right)+3\left(x^2+y^2\right)+10x\)
\(=24xy+3x^2+3y^2+10x-128\)
\(=24x\left(-4-x\right)+3x^2+3\left(-4-x\right)^2+10x-128\)
\(=-18x^2-62x-80=-18\left(x+\dfrac{31}{18}\right)^2-\dfrac{479}{18}\le-\dfrac{479}{18}\)
\(P_{max}=-\dfrac{479}{18}\) khi \(\left(x;y\right)=\left(-\dfrac{31}{18};-\dfrac{41}{18}\right)\)
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\(x^2+4y^2=x^2y^2-2xy\)
\(\Rightarrow x^2+4y^2+4xy=x^2y^2+2xy+1-1\)
\(\Rightarrow\left(x+2y\right)^2=\left(xy+1\right)^2-1\)
\(\Rightarrow\left(xy+1\right)^2-\left(x+2y\right)^2=1\)
\(\Rightarrow\left(xy-x-2y+1\right)\left(xy+x+2y+1\right)=1\)
Vì x,y là các số nguyên nên \(\left(xy-x-2y+1\right),\left(xy+x+2y+1\right)\) là các ước số của 1. Do đó ta có 2 trường hợp:
TH1: \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}xy-x-2y+1=1\\xy+x+2y+1=1\left(1\right)\end{matrix}\right.\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}-xy+x+2y-1=-1\\xy+x+2y+1=1\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(\Rightarrow2\left(x+2y\right)=0\Rightarrow x=-2y\)
Thay vào (1) ta được:
\(-2y^2+1=1\Leftrightarrow y=0\Rightarrow x=0\)
TH2: \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}xy-x-2y+1=-1\\xy+x+2y+1=-1\left(1\right)\end{matrix}\right.\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}-xy+x+2y-1=1\\xy+x+2y+1=-1\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(\Rightarrow2\left(x+2y\right)=0\Rightarrow x=-2y\)
Thay vào (1) ta được:
\(-2y^2+1=-1\Leftrightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}y=1\\y=-1\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(y=1\Rightarrow x=-2;y=-1\Rightarrow x=2\)
Vậy các cặp số nguyên (x;y) thỏa điều kiện ở đề bài là \(\left(0;0\right),\left(2;-1\right)\left(-2;1\right)\)
![](https://rs.olm.vn/images/avt/0.png?1311)