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Chúng ta sống trong một thế giới năng động, và môi trường sống luôn luôn trải qua những thay đổi ở tất cả các cấp độ. Tuy nhiên, những thay đổi tự nhiên thường xảy ra ở tốc độ chậm để tác động đến từng loài có xu hướng nhỏ - ít nhất là trong ngắn hạn
Khi tốc độ thay đổi được tăng tốc đáng kể, có thể không có thời gian để các loài cá thể phản ứng với hoàn cảnh mới, và các hiệu ứng có thể là thảm họa. Tóm lại, đây là lý do khiến mất môi trường sống nhanh chóng được coi là nguyên nhân chính gây nguy hiểm cho loài, và không có lực lượng nào mạnh hơn trong vấn đề này so với con người. Ở một mức độ nào đó, mọi phần của trái đất đã bị ảnh hưởng bởi các hoạt động của con người, đặc biệt là trong thế kỷ qua. Điều này áp dụng trên hầu hết mọi quy mô, từ việc mất vi khuẩn trong đất đã từng hỗ trợ rừng nhiệt đới, đến sự tuyệt chủng của cá và các loài thủy sinh khác trong môi trường nước ngọt bị ô nhiễm, thay đổi khí hậu toàn cầu gây ra bởi việc thải khí nhà kính. Từ quan điểm của một đời người, những thay đổi như vậy có thể khó phát hiện và ảnh hưởng của chúng đối với từng loài có thể khó dự đoán. Nhưng bài học là đủ rõ ràng. Ví dụ, mặc dù nhiều quốc gia đã có kế hoạch trồng nhiều khu rừng nhiệt đới, chúng rất dễ bị phá hủy bởi vì các loại đất mà chúng phát triển rất nghèo trong các chất dinh dưỡng sẵn có. Nhiều thế kỷ có thể được yêu cầu mang lại một khu rừng bị cắt giảm hoặc bị đốt cháy trong không gian vài năm. Nhiều loài động vật và thực vật bị đe dọa nghiêm trọng trên thế giới sống trong các khu rừng như vậy, và chắc chắn rằng một số lượng lớn chúng sẽ biến mất nếu tỷ lệ mất rừng hiện tại tiếp tục. Môi trường sống trên thế giới là không thể thay đổi và tồn tại cố định.
P/S:ggdịch is free
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chụy Google dịch đọc méo hiểu gì nên mới lết xác lên đây đấy -.-
B. Read the text carefully, then choose the correct answers.
More than two hundred years ago, the term 'environmental pollution was quite strange to people. They lived healthily, drank pure water, and breathed fresh air. Nowadays, the situation is quite different. People all over the world are worried about things that are happening to the envi Actually it is man that is destroying the surroundings with many kinds of wastes. Everybody knows that motorbikes and cars emit dangerous gases that cause poisonous air and cancer, but no one wants to travel on foot or by bicycle. Manufactures know that wastes from factories make water and soil polluted, but they do not want to spend a lot of their money on treating the wastes safely. Scattering garbage is bad for our health, but no one wants to spend time burying it. Is it worth talking a lot about pollution?
1. More than two hundred years ago
a. the environment was polluted as much as it is today
b. people knew nothing about environmental pollution
c. air was polluted badly
d. people were faced with pollution
2. Nowadays, many people are concerned about the
b. the polluted water
a.the poisonous air
c. the wastes from the factories
d. the environmental pollution
3. According to the passage, people know that mortorbikes and cars emit dangerous gases
a. so they do not travel by motorbikes and cars
b. so they prefer traveling by bicycles
c. but they still prefer traveling by mbtorbikes. and cars
d. and they enjoy traveling on foot
4. Factory owners
a. know nothing about pollution
b. pollute water and soil
c spend a lot of money on treating wastes
d. don't treat industrial waste safely
5. Which of the followings is not true?
a. in former days, people led a healthy life.
b. People have no awareness of the dangerous of pollution
c. Water is now heavily contaminated by industrial waste
d. It's harmful for our health if rubbish is spreaded over our areas
Plans grow(46)in almost every part of the world. We see(47)such plants as flowers, glass, and tree nearly every day. Plants grow high on moutaintops, far in the oceans, and in many deserts and(48)polar regions
Without plants, there could be not life on earth. Man could not live without air of food and so he could not live without plants. The oxygen in the air we breathe comes from plants. The food we eat also comes from plants or from animals that eat plants. We build houses and make many(49)useful products from lumber cut from trees. (50) Much of our clothing is made from the fitbers of the cotton plants.
Scientists belive there are more than 350,000 species of plants, but no one knowns for(51)sure. Some of the smallest plants, called diatoms, can be seen only with a(52)microscope . A drop of the water may hould as many as 500 diatoms. The largest living things are the giant sequoia trees of California. Some of them stand more than 290 feet high and measure over 30 feet wide
Scientist(53)divide all living things into two main groups - plants and animals. It is usually easy to tell the two(54)apart . Almost all kinds of plants stay in one place, but nearly all species of animals move about under their own power. Most plants make their own food from air, sunglight, and water. Animals cannot make their own food. The basic units of all life, called cells, are also different in plants and animals. Most plants have thick wall that(55) contain a material called cellulost. Animal cells dl not have this material.
Every day on radio, on TV, and in the newspapers, we hear, see, or read about many problems in the world, for example, pollution problems. Air pollution is the first kind. It mostly comes from fumes released from motorbikes, cars, airplanes, trains, and poisonous gases emitted from factories. Also, waste is dumped anywhere, even in the city where many people are living. The second pollution problem is sea pollution. Many people earn their living from fishing in the sea, and the fish they catch feed many people. But the sea has become so polluted from oil spills and factory wastes that the fish are dying. This pollution is not only killing the fish, but also affecting those people who eat fish. Seldom do you find a place nowadays that is not polluted. This problem is growing more difficult every day. We must find a good solution that makes the world a better place to live.
T or F
1. pollution is becoming a serious problem nowadays. T
2. vehicles and industries are among the causes of air pollution. T
3. sea pollution does not affect us at all. F
4. only major cities are affected by pollution F
Polyester is now being used for bottles. ICI, the chemicals and plastics company, believes that it is now beginning to break the grip of glass on the bottle business and thus take advantage of this huge market.
All the plastics manufacturers have been experiencing hard times as their traditional products have been doing badly world-wide for the last few years. Between 1982 and 1984 the Plastics Division of ICI had lost a hundred and twenty million dollars, and they felt that the most hopeful new market was in packaging, bottles and cans.
Since 1982 it has opened three new factories’ producing “Melinar” , the raw material from which high quality polyester bottles are made.
The polyester bottle was born in the 1970s, when soft drinks companies : like Coca Cola started selling their drinks in grant two-litre containers. Because of the build-up of the pressure of gas in these large containers, glass was unsuitable. Nor was PVC, the plastic which had been used for bottles since the 1960s, suitable for drinks with gas in them. A new plastic had to be made.
Glass is still cheaper for the smaller bottles, and will continue to be so unless oil and plastic become much cheaper, but plastic does well for the larger sizes.
Polyester bottles are virtually unbreakable. The manufacturers claim they are also lighter, less noisy when being handled, and can be re-used. Shopkeepers and other business people are unlikely to object to a change from glass to polyester, since these bottles mean few breakages, which are costly and time-consuming.The public, though, have been more difficult to persuade. ICI’s commercial department is developing different bottles with interesting shapes, to try and make them visually more attractive to the public.
The next step could be to develop a plastic which could replace tins for food. The problem here is the high temperatures necessary for cooking the food in the container.
1.Plastics of various kinds have been used for making bottles
A. since 1982.
B. since the 1970s but only for large bottles.
C. since the 1960s but not for liquids with gas in them.
D. since companies like Coca Cola first tried them.
2. Why is ICI’s Plastics Division interested in polyester for bottles?
A. The other things they make are not selling well.
B. Glass manufacturers cannot make enough new bottles.
C. They have factories which could be adapted to make it.
D. The price of oil keeps changing.
3. Why aren’t all bottles now made of polyester? (Câu này mk hk chắc)
A. The price of oil and plastic has risen.
B. It is not suitable for containing gassy drinks.
C. The public like traditional glass bottles.
D. Shop keepers dislike re-usable bottles.
4. Manufacturers think polyester bottles are better than glass bottles because they
A. are cheaper.
B. are more suited to small sizes.
C. are more exciting to look at.
D. do not break easily.
5. Plastic containers for holding food in the same way as cans
A. have been used for many years.
B. are an idea that interests the plastics companies.
C. are possible, but only for hot food.
D. are the first things being made in the new factories.
* Complete the summary by writing the correct word in each blank (write one word only.)
Air ______pollution_____ (52) can make people _____ unhealthy ______ (53). Consequently, some countries pass _____laws_______ (54) to control the quantity of ____smoke_______ (55) in the air. Air pollution causes particular damage to the body by harming the _____ lung______ (56). ______Lead_______ (57) should not be used in petrol because it is bad for children’s ____brain_________ (58) and makes them clumsy in using their hands . Poisonous gas from _____cars_______ (59) collects in those parts of cities where there are tall buildings. Pollution can also have an influence on the earth’s _____climate_______ (60). The ice may melt near the North and South Poles, resulting in very bad ____floods________ (61).
* Complete the summary by writing the correct word in each blank (write one word only.)
Air (52) pollution can make people (53) ill. Consequently, some countries pass (54) laws to control the quantity of (55) smoke in the air. Air pollution causes particular damage to the body by harming the (56) lungs. (57) Lead should not be used in petrol because it is bad for children’s (58) health and makes them clumsy in using their hands. Poisonous gas from (59) lead collects in those parts of cities where there are tall buildings. Pollution can also have an influence on the earth’s (60) climate. The ice may melt near the North and South Poles, resulting in very bad (61) floods.
19. A. reasons B. effects C. purposes D. ways
20. A. reused B. recycled C. dumped D. exhausted
21. A. With B. For C. To D. In
22. A. so that B. if C. so D. because
23. A. species B. animals C. plants D. transport
24. A. disappoints B. spoils C. decreases D. prevents