Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders,...
Đọc tiếp
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.
According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.
Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of “natural leaders '" It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.
Furthermore, although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader, research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to “get things” done. Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-being of a social group’s member. Expressive leader are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them. Group members expect expressive leaders to maintain stable relationships within the group and provide support to individual members.
Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give orders and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of the group’s goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties or is subjected to discipline, are quick to lighten a serious moment with humor, and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the differences in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a mote distant respect.
In mentioning “natural leaders'’ in line 7, the author is making the point that ________ .
A. “natural leaders’ are easily accepted by the members of a social group
B. “natural leaders” share a similar set of characteristics
C. few people qualify as “natural leaders”
D. there is no proof that “natural leaders” exist
Đáp án D
Giải thích: Câu bắt đầu bằng từ phủ định như never thì ta dùng đảo ngữ cho trợ động từ lên trước chủ ngữ để nhấn mạnh. Do đó:
Đáp án A sai do chưa đảo ngữ.
Đáp án B sai do chia sai động từ met thành meet trong thì hiện tại hoàn thành.
Đáp án C sai do câu có never đứng đầu dùng đảo ngữ trợ động từ chứ không đảo ngữ trực tiếp động từ.
Dịch nghĩa: Trước đây chưa bao giờ các nhà lãnh đạo hai nước nỗ lực giải quyết sự khác biệt giữa hai quốc gia một cách chân thành đến vậy.