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Xét \(f\left(x\right)+f\left(1-x\right)=\frac{x^3}{1-3x+3x^2}+\frac{\left(1-x\right)^3}{1-3\left(1-x\right)+3\left(1-x\right)^2}\)
\(=\frac{x^3}{1-3x+3x^2}+\frac{1-3x+3x^2-x^3}{1-3+3x+3-6x+3x^2}\)
\(=\frac{x^3}{1-3x+3x^2}+\frac{1-3x+3x^2-x^3}{1-3x+3x^2}\)
\(=\frac{1-3x+3x^2}{1-3x+3x^2}=1\)
Thay vào ta tính được:
\(A=\left[f\left(\frac{1}{2020}\right)+f\left(\frac{2019}{2020}\right)\right]+...+\left[f\left(\frac{1009}{2020}\right)+f\left(\frac{1011}{2020}\right)\right]+f\left(\frac{1010}{2020}\right)\)
\(A=1+...+1+f\left(\frac{1010}{2020}\right)\) (với 1009 số 1)
\(A=1009+f\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)=1009+\frac{\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^3}{1-3\cdot\frac{1}{2}+3\cdot\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^2}\)
\(A=1009+\frac{1}{2}=\frac{2019}{2}\)
Vậy \(A=\frac{2019}{2}\)
Xét \(f\left[f\left(x\right)+x\right]=\left[f\left(x\right)+x\right]^2+m\left[f\left(x\right)+x\right]+n\)
\(=\left(x^2+mx+n+x\right)^2+m\left(x^2+mx+n+x\right)+n\)
\(=\left(x^2+mx+n\right)^2+2x\left(x^2+mx+n\right)+x^2+m\left(x^2+mx+n\right)+mx+n\)
\(=\left(x^2+mx+n\right)^2+2x\left(x^2+mx+n\right)+m\left(x^2+mx+n\right)+\left(x^2+mx+n\right)\)
\(=\left(x^2+mx+n\right)\left(x^2+mx+n+2x+m+1\right)\)
\(=\left(x^2+mx+n\right)\left[\left(x+1\right)^2+m\left(x+1\right)+n\right]\)
\(=f\left(x\right).f\left(x+1\right)\)
Thay \(x=2021\)
\(\Rightarrow f\left[f\left(2021\right)+2021\right]=f\left(2021\right).f\left(2022\right)\)
Đặt \(f\left(2021\right)+2021=k\)
Do \(f\left(x\right)\) có hệ số m;n nguyên \(\Rightarrow k\) nguyên
\(\Rightarrow f\left(k\right)=f\left(2021\right).f\left(2022\right)\) với k nguyên
Hay tồn tại số nguyên k thỏa mãn yêu cầu
\(f\left(n\right)=\dfrac{2n-1+2n+1+\sqrt{\left(2n+1\right)\left(2n+1\right)}}{\sqrt{2n+1}+\sqrt{2n-1}}\\ f\left(n\right)=\dfrac{\left(\sqrt{2n+1}-\sqrt{2n-1}\right)\left(2n-1+2n+1+\sqrt{\left(2n+1\right)\left(2n+1\right)}\right)}{2n+1-2n+1}\\ f\left(n\right)=\dfrac{\left(\sqrt{2n+1}\right)^3-\left(\sqrt{2n+1}\right)^3}{2}=\dfrac{\left(2n+1\right)\sqrt{2n+1}-\left(2n-1\right)\sqrt{2n+1}}{2}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow f\left(1\right)+f\left(2\right)+...+f\left(40\right)=\dfrac{3\sqrt{3}-1\sqrt{1}+5\sqrt{5}-3\sqrt{3}+...+81\sqrt{81}-79\sqrt{79}}{2}\\ =\dfrac{81\sqrt{81}-1\sqrt{1}}{2}=\dfrac{9^3-1}{2}=364\)
Ta đi chứng minh công thức tổng quát: \(f\left(n\right)=\frac{2n+1+\sqrt{n\left(n+1\right)}}{\sqrt{n}+\sqrt{n+1}}=\left(n+1\right)\sqrt{n+1}-n\sqrt{n}\)
Thật vậy: \(\left[\left(n+1\right)\sqrt{n+1}-n\sqrt{n}\right]\left(\sqrt{n}+\sqrt{n+1}\right)=\left(n+1\right)\sqrt{n\left(n+1\right)}-n^2+\left(n+1\right)^2-n\sqrt{n\left(n+1\right)}=2n+1+\sqrt{n\left(n+1\right)}\)Áp dụng, ta được: \(f\left(1\right)+f\left(2\right)+...+f\left(2020\right)=\left(2\sqrt{2}-1\sqrt{1}\right)+\left(3\sqrt{3}-2\sqrt{2}\right)+\left(4\sqrt{4}-3\sqrt{3}\right)+...+\left(2021\sqrt{2021}-2020\sqrt{2020}\right)=2021\sqrt{2021}-1\)