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By the mid-nineteenth century, the term "icebox" had entered the American language, but ice was still only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the United States. The ice trade grew with the growth of cities. Ice was used in hotels, taverns, and hospitals, and by some forward- looking city dealers in fresh meat, fresh fish, and butter. After the Civil War(1861-1865), as ice was used to refrigerate freight cars, it also came into household use. Even before 1880, half the ice sold in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and one-third of that sold in Boston and Chicago, went to families for their own use. This had become possible because a new household convenience, the
icebox, a precursor of the modern refrigerator, had been invented. Making an efficient ice box was not as easy as we might now suppose. In the early nineteenth century, the knowledge of the physics of heat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration, was rudimentary. The commonsense notion that the best icebox was one that prevented the ice from melting was of course mistaken, for it was the melting of the ice that performed the cooling. Nevertheless, early efforts to economize ice included wrapping the ice in blankets, which kept the ice from doing its job. Not until near the end of the nineteenth century did inventors achieve the delicate balance of insulation and circulation needed for an efficient icebox.
But as early as 1803, an ingenious Maryland farmer, Thomas Moore, had been on the right track. He owned a farm about twenty miles outside the city of Washington, forwhich the village of Georgetown was the market center. When he used an icebox of his own design to transport his butter to market, he found that customers would pass up the rapidly melting stuff in the tubs of his competitors to pay a premium price for his butter, still fresh and hard in neat, one-pound bricks. One advantage of his icebox, Moore explained, was that farmers would no longer have to travel to market at night in order to keep their produce cool.
1. The phrase "forward-looking" in line 3 is closest in meaning to .
A. progressive B. popular C. thrifty D. well-established
forward-looking : hướng về phía trước = progressive
2.The author mentions fish in line 5 because .
A. many fish dealers also sold ice
B. fish was shipped in refrigerated freight cars
C. fish dealers were among the early commercial users of ice
D. fish was not part of the ordinary person's diet before the invention of the icebox
Dựa vào câu này: Ice was used in hotels, taverns, and hospitals, and by some forward- looking city dealers in fresh meat, fresh fish, and butter
3. The word "it" in line 5 refers to .
A. fresh meat
B. the Civil War
C. ice
D. a refrigerator
Theo câu: After the Civil War(1861-1865), as ice was used to refrigerate freight cars, it also came into household use
4. The word "rudimentary" in line 10 is closest in meaning to .
A. growing B. undeveloped C. necessary D. uninteresting
rudimentary: thô sơ = undeveloped
5. The author describes Thomas Moore as having been "on the right track" to indicate that
A. the road to the market passed close to Moore's farm
B. Moore was an honest merchant
C. Moore was a prosperous farmer
D. Moore's design was fairly successful
on the right track: đi đúng đường = sucessful
6. According to the passage, Moore's icebox allowed him to .
A. charge more for his butter B. travel to market at night
C. manufacture butter more quickly D. produce ice all year round
Dựa vào câu: When he used an icebox of his own design to transport his butter to market, he found that customers would pass up the rapidly melting stuff in the tubs of his competitors to pay a premium price for his butter, still fresh and hard in neat, one-pound bricks.
7. According to the information in the second paragraph, an ideal icebox would ...................... .
A. completely prevent ice from melting B. stop air from circulating
C. allow ice to melt slowly D. use blankets to conserve ice
Cũng dựa theo câu: When he used an icebox of his own design to transport his butter to market, he found that customers would pass up the rapidly melting stuff in the tubs of his competitors to pay a premium price for his butter, still fresh and hard in neat, one-pound bricks.
The history of the computer in the twentieth century is one of dramatic adaptation and expansion. The computer had modest beginnings in areas where is was (1) __used__ as a specialities tool. The first electronic computer was built in the 1930s and was solely for the use (2)__of___ undergraduate students in Iowa State University to handle mathematical computation in unclear physics. (3)__During__ World War Two computers were developed in order to wage counter espionage and break codes used by the enemy. In the post-war war years the scope of computers was expanded to include the military industrial complex and academia. Obviously people needed to (4)_communicate__ around these institutions and so there was a needed for early network tools. In the 1960's an early version of the Internet, ARPPANET was used in computer science and engineering projects. However, only 10 years later computers were starting to change our lifestyle, the way we do business and many style things (Elliott, 1994) and by the late 1980's networks were expanding to embrace section of the general public. The (5)_Internet_ was born.
Đáp án: B
Giải thích: Dựa vào câu: “The first electronic computer was built in the 1930s”.
Dịch: Chiếc máy tính đầu tiên được dựng lên vào những năm 30 của thế kỉ 20
Đáp án: D
Giải thích: Dựa vào câu: “In the post-war years the scope of computers was expanded to include the military industrial complex and academia.”.
Dịch: Trong những năm sau chiến tranh, hệ thống máy tính được mở rộng để chứa cả nhà máy liên hợp công nghiệp và học viện của quân đội.
Đáp án: D
Giải thích: Dựa vào câu: “In the 1960’s an early version of the Internet, ARPPANET was used in computers were starting to change our lifestyle,”.
Dịch: Vào những năm 60 của thế kỉ 20, một phiên bản sơ khai của mạng internet với tên gọi ARPPANET được dùng trong máy tính đã bước đầu thay đổi các chúng ta sống.
Đáp án: A
Giải thích: Dựa vào câu: “In World War II, computers were developed in order to wage counter espionage and break codes used by the enemy.”.
Dịch: Trong thế chiến thứ 2, các máy tính được phát triển để trả lương gián điệp 2 mang, và giải mật mã sử dụng bởi kẻ địch.
Đáp án: A
Giải thích: Dựa vào câu: “…by the late 1980s, networks were expanding to embrace sections of the general public.”.
Dịch: …trước cuối những năm 80 của thế kỉ 20, các mạng lưới được mở rộng để phục vụ một số bộ phận công chúng
1. What is a good description for this text?
A. An autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. B. The life of Benjamin Franklin
C. The works of Benjamin Franklin. D. Franklin and American Independence.
2. When was Benjamin Franklin born?
A. 1806 B. 1794 C. 1717 D. 1706
3. Which of these happened first?
A. Franklin trains as a printer. B. Franklin runs away to Philadelphia.
C. The American colonies rebel. D. Franklin starts his first publication.
4. What was Poor Richard’s Almanak about?
A. Franklin’s reputation. B. How to succeed in business.
C. How to do government printing. D. The text does not say.
5. In which countries did Franklin live?
A. England and France. B. Philadelphia and England.
C. London and America. D. England, America and France.
Mik làm ko biết đúng hay ko nữa, tại vì bài đọc nhìn choáng quá đi, nếu sai thì mong bn thông cảm.Thảo Phương
The reading is followed by several questions about it. There are four possible answers (A, B, C or D) for each question. Choose the best answer.
Benjamin Franklin
Few people can embody the spirit of early America as much as Benjamin Franklin. He lived through almost the whole of the eighteenth century, being born six years after it began, and dying ten years before it ended. In this time he saw the American colonies grow from tiny settlements into a nation, and he also contributed much to the development of the new state.
At the age of 17 Franklin ran away to Philadelphia. He had already received some training as a printer’s apprentice, and this helped him seven years later, with his first publication, the Pennsylvania Gazette. He also received a contract to do government printing work, which helped him to rise from his poor background to become a successful entrepreneur. Some of his experience in business was shared in his famous Poor Richard’s Almanak, which established his reputation throughout the American colonies. In another of his works, the Autobiography, which was written toward the end of his life, he shows the same quiet common sense.
He was deeply interested in science and natural history, and his experiments with electricity and lightning led directly to the invention of the lightning rod. He was also interested in improving the conditions of his fellow men. He was involved in a number of projects in his native Philadelphia, including the setting up of a library, a university, a philosophical society, and - because he was a pragmatic man - a fire prevention service. In 1753 he became Postmaster-General of the colonies. Through this experience he began to develop the idea that the colonies of North America should be a single nation. Later, he went to London to try to persuade the British government to change the conditions, especially the taxes, that later led the American colonists into rebellion.
Whatever Benjamin Franklin’s personal feelings about the rebellion of the American states, he worked hard to make it succeed. As ambassador to France, he encouraged the French to help George Washington. After the war he attended the American constitutional congress. This was his last contribution, for he died later that year. He is still fondly remembered by Americans as one of the creators of the United States.
1. What is a good description for this text?
A. An autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. B. The life of Benjamin Franklin
C. The works of Benjamin Franklin. D. Franklin and American Independence.
2. When was Benjamin Franklin born?
A. 1806 B. 1794 C. 1717 D. 1706
3. Which of these happened first?
A. Franklin trains as a printer. B. Franklin runs away to Philadelphia.
C. The American colonies rebel. D. Franklin starts his first publication.
4. What was Poor Richard’s Almanak about?
A. Franklin’s reputation. B. How to succeed in business.
C. How to do government printing. D. The text does not say.
5. In which countries did Franklin live?
A. England and France. B. Philadelphia and England.
C. London and America. D. England, America and France.
1. The phrase "forward-looking" in line 3 is closest in meaning to .
A. progressive B. popular C. thrifty D. well-established
2.The author mentions fish in line 5 because .
A. many fish dealers also sold ice
B. fish was shipped in refrigerated freight cars
C. fish dealers were among the early commercial users of ice
D. fish was not part of the ordinary person's diet before the invention of the icebox
3. The word "it" in line 5 refers to .
A. fresh meat
B. the Civil War
C. ice
D. a refrigerator
4. The word "rudimentary" in line 10 is closest in meaning to .
A. growing B. undeveloped C. necessary D. uninteresting
5. The author describes Thomas Moore as having been "on the right track" to indicate that
A. the road to the market passed close to Moore's farm
B. Moore was an honest merchant
C. Moore was a prosperous farmer
D. Moore's design was fairly successful
6. According to the passage, Moore's icebox allowed him to .
A. charge more for his butter B. travel to market at night
C. manufacture butter more quickly D. produce ice all year round
7. According to the information in the second paragraph, an ideal icebox would ...................... .
A. completely prevent ice from melting B. stop air from circulating
C. allow ice to melt slowly D. use blankets to conserve ice