CMR: \(\sum\limits^{\infty}_{x=1}\dfrac{x}{n^x}=\dfrac{n}{\left(n-1\right)^2}\)
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1.
Trước hết bạn nhớ công thức:
$1^2+2^2+....+n^2=\frac{n(n+1)(2n+1)}{6}$ (cách cm ở đây: https://hoc24.vn/cau-hoi/tinh-tongs-122232n2.83618073020)
Áp vào bài:
\(\lim\frac{1}{n^3}[1^2+2^2+....+(n-1)^2]=\lim \frac{1}{n^3}.\frac{(n-1)n(2n-1)}{6}=\lim \frac{n(n-1)(2n-1)}{6n^3}\)
\(=\lim \frac{(n-1)(2n-1)}{6n^2}=\lim (\frac{n-1}{n}.\frac{2n-1}{6n})=\lim (1-\frac{1}{n})(\frac{1}{3}-\frac{1}{6n})\)
\(=1.\frac{1}{3}=\frac{1}{3}\)
2.
\(\lim \frac{1}{n}\left[(x+\frac{a}{n})+(x+\frac{2a}{n})+...+(x.\frac{(n-1)a}{n}\right]\)
\(=\lim \frac{1}{n}\left[\underbrace{(x+x+...+x)}_{n-1}+\frac{a(1+2+...+n-1)}{n} \right]\)
\(=\lim \frac{1}{n}[(n-1)x+a(n-1)]=\lim \frac{n-1}{n}(x+a)=\lim (1-\frac{1}{n})(x+a)\)
\(=x+a\)
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Từ GT ta lấy tích phân 2 vế cận từ 0 đến 1 ; sẽ được :
\(\int\limits^1_0f\left(x+1\right)dx+\int\limits^1_03f\left(3x+2\right)dx-\int\limits^1_04f\left(4x+1\right)dx-\int\limits^1_0f\left(2^x\right)dx=\int\limits^1_0\dfrac{3dx}{\sqrt{x+1}+\sqrt{x+2}}\left(1\right)\)
\(\int\limits^1_0\dfrac{3dx}{\sqrt{x+1}+\sqrt{x+2}}=\int\limits^1_03\left(\sqrt{x+2}-\sqrt{x+1}\right)dx\) =
\(2\left[\left(x+2\right)\sqrt{x+2}-\left(x+1\right)\sqrt{x+1}\right]\dfrac{1}{0}\) = \(2+6\sqrt{3}-8\sqrt{2}\left(2\right)\)
Dễ thấy : \(\int\limits^1_0f\left(x+1\right)dx=\int\limits^2_1f\left(t\right)dt=\int\limits^2_1f\left(x\right)dx\)
\(\int\limits^1_03f\left(3x+2\right)dx=\int\limits^5_2f\left(t\right)dt=\int\limits^5_2f\left(x\right)dx\) (3)
\(\int\limits^1_04f\left(4x+1\right)=\int\limits^5_1f\left(t\right)dt=\int\limits^5_1f\left(x\right)dx\left(4\right)\)
\(\int\limits^1_0f\left(2^x\right)dx=\int\limits^2_1\dfrac{f\left(t\right)dt}{tln2}=\dfrac{1}{ln2}.\int\limits^2_1\dfrac{f\left(t\right)dt}{t}=\dfrac{1}{ln2}.\int\limits^2_1\dfrac{f\left(x\right)dx}{x}\) (5)
Thay (2) ; (3) ; (4) ; (5) vào (1) ta được :
\(\int\limits^2_1f\left(x\right)dx+\int\limits^5_2f\left(x\right)dx-\int\limits^5_1f\left(x\right)dx-\dfrac{1}{ln2}.\int\limits^2_1\dfrac{f\left(x\right)dx}{x}=2+6\sqrt{3}-8\sqrt{2}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\int\limits^2_1\dfrac{f\left(x\right)dx}{x}=\left(2+6\sqrt{3}-8\sqrt{2}\right)ln2\)
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Lời giải:
a) \(\lim\limits_{x\to -\infty}\frac{x+3}{3x-1}=\lim\limits_{x\to -\infty}\frac{1+\frac{3}{x}}{3-\frac{1}{x}}=\frac{1}{3}\)
b)
\(\lim\limits_{x\to +\infty}\frac{(\sqrt{x^2+1}+x)^n-(\sqrt{x^2+1}-x)^n}{x}=\lim\limits_{x\to +\infty} 2[(\sqrt{x^2+1}+x)^{n-1}+(\sqrt{x^2+1}+x)^{n-1}(\sqrt{x^2+1}-x)+....+(\sqrt{x^2+1}-x)^{n-1}]\)
\(=+\infty\)