Cho tam giác nhọn ABC, kẻ đường cao AH. Chứng minh rằng:
a) \(\overrightarrow {AB} .\overrightarrow {AH} = \overrightarrow {AC} .\overrightarrow {AH} \)
b) \(\overrightarrow {AB} .\overrightarrow {BC} = \overrightarrow {HB} .\overrightarrow {BC} \)
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a) Vẽ vecto \(\overrightarrow {BD} = \overrightarrow {CB} \). Ta có:
\((\overrightarrow {CB} ,\overrightarrow {BA} ) = (\overrightarrow {BD} ,\overrightarrow {BA} ) = \widehat {DBA} = {120^o}\)
Vậy \(\overrightarrow {CB} .\overrightarrow {BA} = \left| {\overrightarrow {CB} } \right|.\left| {\overrightarrow {BA} } \right|\cos (\overrightarrow {CB} ,\overrightarrow {BA} ) = a.a.\cos {120^o} = {a^2}.\left( { - \frac{1}{2}} \right) = - \frac{{{a^2}}}{2}.\)
b) Vì \(AH \bot BC\) nên \[(\overrightarrow {AH} ,\overrightarrow {BC} ) = {90^o}\], suy ra \(\cos (\overrightarrow {AH} ,\overrightarrow {BC} ) = \cos {90^o} = 0.\)
Vậy \(\overrightarrow {AH} .\overrightarrow {BC} = \left| {\overrightarrow {AH} } \right|.\left| {\overrightarrow {BC} } \right|.\cos (\overrightarrow {AH} ,\overrightarrow {BC} ) = 0.\)
+) \(\left( {\overrightarrow {AB} ,\overrightarrow {AC} } \right) = \widehat {ABC} = 60^\circ \)
+) Dựng hình bình hành ABCD, ta có: \(\overrightarrow {AD} = \overrightarrow {BC} \)
\( \Rightarrow \left( {\overrightarrow {AB} ,\overrightarrow {BC} } \right) = \left( {\overrightarrow {AB} ,\overrightarrow {AD} } \right) = \widehat {BAD} = 120^\circ \)
+), Ta có: ABC là tam giác đều, H là trung điểm BC nên \(AH \bot BC\)
\(\left( {\overrightarrow {AH} ,\overrightarrow {BC} } \right) = \left( {\overrightarrow {AH} ,\overrightarrow {AD} } \right) = \widehat {HAD} = 90^\circ \)
+) Hai vectơ \(\overrightarrow {BH} \) và \(\overrightarrow {BC} \)cùng hướng nên \(\left( {\overrightarrow {BH} ,\overrightarrow {BC} } \right) = 0^\circ \)
+) Hai vectơ \(\overrightarrow {HB} \) và \(\overrightarrow {BC} \)ngược hướng nên \(\left( {\overrightarrow {HB} ,\overrightarrow {BC} } \right) = 180^\circ \)
Đặt \(AB=a\Rightarrow AC=2a\)
\(\Rightarrow BC=\sqrt{AB^2+AC^2}=a\sqrt{5}\)
Áp dụng hệ thức lượng:
\(AB^2=BH.BC\Rightarrow BH=\dfrac{AB^2}{BC}=\dfrac{a^2}{a\sqrt{5}}=\dfrac{a\sqrt{5}}{5}=\dfrac{1}{5}.a\sqrt{5}\)
\(\Rightarrow BH=\dfrac{1}{5}BC\Rightarrow\overrightarrow{BH}=\dfrac{1}{5}\overrightarrow{BC}\)
\(\Rightarrow\overrightarrow{AH}=\overrightarrow{AB}+\overrightarrow{BH}=\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{1}{5}\overrightarrow{BC}=\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{1}{5}\left(\overrightarrow{BA}+\overrightarrow{AC}\right)=\overrightarrow{AB}-\dfrac{1}{5}\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{1}{5}\overrightarrow{AC}\)
\(=\dfrac{4}{5}\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{1}{5}\overrightarrow{AC}\)
\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}m=\dfrac{4}{5}\\k=\dfrac{1}{5}\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Rightarrow S=\dfrac{10.4}{5}+\dfrac{2020.1}{5}=412\)
Dễ thấy: \(\overrightarrow {BC} = \overrightarrow {BA} + \overrightarrow {AC} = - \overrightarrow {AB} + \overrightarrow {AC} \)
Ta có:
+) \(\overrightarrow {AD} = \overrightarrow {AB} + \overrightarrow {BD} \). Mà \(\overrightarrow {BD} = - \overrightarrow {DB} = - \frac{1}{3}\overrightarrow {BC} \)
\( \Rightarrow \overrightarrow {AD} = \overrightarrow {AB} + \left( { - \frac{1}{3}} \right)( - \overrightarrow {AB} + \overrightarrow {AC} ) = \frac{4}{3}\overrightarrow {AB} - \frac{1}{3}\overrightarrow {AC} \)
+) \(\overrightarrow {DH} = \overrightarrow {DA} + \overrightarrow {AH} = - \overrightarrow {AD} + \overrightarrow {AH} \).
Mà \(\overrightarrow {AD} = \frac{4}{3}\overrightarrow {AB} - \frac{1}{3}\overrightarrow {AC} ;\;\;\overrightarrow {AH} = \frac{2}{3}\overrightarrow {AB} .\)
\( \Rightarrow \overrightarrow {DH} = - \left( {\frac{4}{3}\overrightarrow {AB} - \frac{1}{3}\overrightarrow {AC} } \right) + \frac{2}{3}\overrightarrow {AB} = - \frac{2}{3}\overrightarrow {AB} + \frac{1}{3}\overrightarrow {AC} .\)
+) \(\overrightarrow {HE} = \overrightarrow {HA} + \overrightarrow {AE} = - \overrightarrow {AH} + \overrightarrow {AE} \)
Mà \(\overrightarrow {AH} = \frac{2}{3}\overrightarrow {AB} ;\;\overrightarrow {AE} = \frac{1}{3}\overrightarrow {AC} \)
\( \Rightarrow \overrightarrow {HE} = - \frac{2}{3}\overrightarrow {AB} + \frac{1}{3}\overrightarrow {AC} .\)
b)
Theo câu a, ta có: \(\overrightarrow {DH} = \overrightarrow {HE} = - \frac{2}{3}\overrightarrow {AB} + \frac{1}{3}\overrightarrow {AC} \)
\( \Rightarrow \) Hai vecto \(\overrightarrow {DH} ,\overrightarrow {HE} \) cùng phương.
\( \Leftrightarrow \)D, E, H thẳng hàng
a) \( AH \bot BC\) và \(BH \bot CA\)
\( \Rightarrow \left( {\overrightarrow {AH} ,\overrightarrow {BC} } \right) = {90^o} \Leftrightarrow \cos \left( {\overrightarrow {AH} ,\overrightarrow {BC} } \right) = 0\) . Do đó \(\overrightarrow {AH} .\overrightarrow {BC} = \overrightarrow 0 \)
Tương tự suy ra \(\overrightarrow {BH} .\overrightarrow {CA} = \overrightarrow 0 \).
b) Gọi H có tọa độ (x; y)
\( \Rightarrow \left\{ \begin{array}{l}\overrightarrow {AH} = (x - ( - 1);y - 2) = (x + 1;y - 2)\\\overrightarrow {BH} = (x - 8;y - ( - 1)) = (x - 8;y + 1)\end{array} \right.\)
Ta có: \(\overrightarrow {AH} .\overrightarrow {BC} = \overrightarrow 0 \) và \(\overrightarrow {BC} = (8 - 8;8 - ( - 1)) = (0;9)\)
\((x + 1).0 + (y - 2).9 = 0 \Leftrightarrow 9.(y - 2) = 0 \Leftrightarrow y = 2.\)
Lại có: \(\overrightarrow {BH} .\overrightarrow {CA} = \overrightarrow 0 \) và \(\overrightarrow {CA} = ( - 1 - 8;2 - 8) = ( - 9; - 6)\)
\(\begin{array}{l}(x - 8).( - 9) + (y + 1).( - 6) = 0\\ \Leftrightarrow - 9x + 72 + 3.( - 6) = 0\\ \Leftrightarrow - 9x + 54 = 0\\ \Leftrightarrow x = 6.\end{array}\)
Vậy H có tọa độ (6; 2)
c) Ta có: \(\overrightarrow {AB} = (8 - ( - 1); - 1 - 2) = (9; - 3)\)\( \Rightarrow AB = \left| {\overrightarrow {AB} } \right| = \sqrt {{9^2} + {{( - 3)}^2}} = 3\sqrt {10} \)
Và \(\overrightarrow {BC} = (0;9) \Rightarrow BC = \left| {\overrightarrow {BC} } \right| = \sqrt {{0^2} + {9^2}} = 9\);
\(\overrightarrow {CA} = ( - 9; - 6)\)\( \Rightarrow AC = \left| {\overrightarrow {CA} } \right| = \sqrt {{{( - 9)}^2} + {{( - 6)}^2}} = 3\sqrt {13} .\)
Áp dụng định lí cosin cho tam giác ABC, ta có:
\(\cos \widehat A = \frac{{{b^2} + {c^2} - {a^2}}}{{2bc}} = \frac{{{{\left( {3\sqrt {13} } \right)}^2} + {{\left( {3\sqrt {10} } \right)}^2} - {{\left( 9 \right)}^2}}}{{2.3\sqrt {13} .3\sqrt {10} }} \approx 0,614\)\( \Rightarrow \widehat A \approx 52,{125^o}\)
\(\cos \widehat B = \frac{{{a^2} + {c^2} - {b^2}}}{{2ac}} = \frac{{{{\left( 9 \right)}^2} + {{\left( {3\sqrt {10} } \right)}^2} - {{\left( {3\sqrt {13} } \right)}^2}}}{{2.9.3\sqrt {10} }} = \frac{{\sqrt {10} }}{{10}}\)\( \Rightarrow \widehat B \approx 71,{565^o}\)
\( \Rightarrow \widehat C \approx 56,{31^o}\)
Vậy tam giác ABC có: \(a = 9;b = 3\sqrt {13} ;c = 3\sqrt {10} \); \(\widehat A \approx 52,{125^o};\widehat B \approx 71,{565^o};\widehat C \approx 56,{31^o}.\)
a)
\(\begin{array}{l}\overrightarrow {AB} + \overrightarrow {BC} + \overrightarrow {CD} + \overrightarrow {DA} = \left( {\overrightarrow {AB} + \overrightarrow {BC} } \right) + \left( {\overrightarrow {CD} + \overrightarrow {DA} } \right)\\ = \overrightarrow {AC} + \overrightarrow {CA} = \overrightarrow {AA} = \overrightarrow 0 .\end{array}\)
b)
\(\overrightarrow {AC} - \overrightarrow {AD} = \overrightarrow {DC} \) và \(\overrightarrow {BC} - \overrightarrow {BD} = \overrightarrow {DC} \)
\( \Rightarrow \overrightarrow {AC} - \overrightarrow {AD} = \overrightarrow {BC} - \overrightarrow {BD} \)
a, \(\left(\overrightarrow{AC}-\overrightarrow{AB}\right)^2=\overrightarrow{BC}^2\)
\(\Leftrightarrow AC^2+AB^2-2\overrightarrow{AB}.\overrightarrow{AC}=BC^2\)
\(\Leftrightarrow2\overrightarrow{AB}.\overrightarrow{AC}=AB^2+AC^2-BC^2\)
\(\Rightarrow\overrightarrow{AB}.\overrightarrow{AC}=\dfrac{AB^2+AC^2-BC^2}{2}=\dfrac{5^2+8^2-7^2}{2}=20\)
b, \(2\overrightarrow{CA}.\overrightarrow{CB}=CA^2+CB^2-BC^2=CA^2\)
\(\Rightarrow\overrightarrow{CA}.\overrightarrow{CB}=\dfrac{CA^2}{2}=\dfrac{8^2}{2}=32\)
Lời giải:
a)
\(\overrightarrow{AC}-\overrightarrow{AB}=\overrightarrow{BC}\)
\(\Rightarrow (\overrightarrow{AC}-\overrightarrow{AB})^2=\overrightarrow{BC}^2\Leftrightarrow AB^2+AC^2-2\overrightarrow{AC}.\overrightarrow{AB}=BC^2\)
\(\Leftrightarrow 2\overrightarrow{AB}.\overrightarrow{AC}=AB^2+AC^2-BC^2\) (đpcm)
Ta có:
\(\overrightarrow{AB}.\overrightarrow{AC}=\frac{AB^2+AC^2-BC^2}{2}=\frac{5^2+8^2-7^2}{2}=20\)
\(\cos \angle A=\frac{\overrightarrow{AB}.\overrightarrow{AC}}{|\overrightarrow{AB}|.|\overrightarrow{AC}|}=\frac{20}{5.8}=\frac{1}{2}\)
\(\Rightarrow \angle A=60^0\)
b)
Tương tự phần a, \(\overrightarrow{CA}.\overrightarrow{CB}=\frac{CA^2+CB^2-AB^2}{2}=\frac{8^2+7^2-5^2}{2}=44\)
Lời giải:
Áp dụng các công thức sau: \(|\overrightarrow {a}|^2=\overrightarrow{a}.\overrightarrow{a}\)
\(\overrightarrow{a}.\overrightarrow{b}=\overrightarrow{0}\) nếu \(\overrightarrow{a}\perp \overrightarrow{b}\)
Ta có:
\(BC^2.\overrightarrow{IA}+AC^2.\overrightarrow{IB}+AB^2.\overrightarrow{IC}\)
\(=BC^2.\overrightarrow{IA}+AC^2.(\overrightarrow{IA}+\overrightarrow{AB})+AB^2.(\overrightarrow{IA}+\overrightarrow{AC})\)
\(=BC^2.\overrightarrow{IA}+\overrightarrow{IA}(AC^2+AB^2)+AC^2.\overrightarrow{AB}+AB^2.\overrightarrow{AC}\)
\(=2BC^2.\overrightarrow{IA}+AC^2.\overrightarrow{AB}+AB^2.\overrightarrow{AC}\)
\(=\overrightarrow{BC}.\overrightarrow{BC}.\overrightarrow{HA}+\overrightarrow{AC}.\overrightarrow{AC}.\overrightarrow{AB}+\overrightarrow{AB}.\overrightarrow{AB}.\overrightarrow{AC}\)
\(=\overrightarrow {BC}.\overrightarrow{0}+\overrightarrow{AC}.\overrightarrow{0}+\overrightarrow{AB}.\overrightarrow{0}=\overrightarrow {0}\)
Công thức \(\left|\overrightarrow{a}\right|^2=\overrightarrow{a}.\overrightarrow{a}\)và \(\overrightarrow{a}.\overrightarrow{b}=\overrightarrow{0}\)nếu \(\overrightarrow{a}\perp\overrightarrow{b}\) chứng minh như nào ạ ?
Ta có: \(AH \bot CB \Rightarrow (\overrightarrow {AH} ,\overrightarrow {CB} ) = {90^o} \Leftrightarrow \cos (\overrightarrow {AH} ,\overrightarrow {CB} ) = 0 \Leftrightarrow \overrightarrow {AH} .\overrightarrow {CB} = 0\)
a) \(\overrightarrow {AB} .\overrightarrow {AH} - \overrightarrow {AC} .\overrightarrow {AH} = (\overrightarrow {AB} - \overrightarrow {AC} ).\overrightarrow {AH} = \overrightarrow {CB} .\overrightarrow {AH} = 0\)
\( \Leftrightarrow \overrightarrow {AB} .\overrightarrow {AH} = \overrightarrow {AC} .\overrightarrow {AH} \)
b) \(\overrightarrow {AB} .\overrightarrow {BC} - \overrightarrow {HB} .\overrightarrow {BC} = (\overrightarrow {AB} - \overrightarrow {HB} ).\overrightarrow {BC} = (\overrightarrow {AB} + \overrightarrow {BH} ).\overrightarrow {BC} = \overrightarrow {AH} .\overrightarrow {BC} = 0\)
\( \Leftrightarrow \overrightarrow {AB} .\overrightarrow {BC} = \overrightarrow {HB} .\overrightarrow {BC} \)