Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50. Learning means acquiring knowledge or developing the ability to perform new behaviors. It is common to think of learning as something that takes place in school, but much of human learning occurs outside the classroom, and people continue to learn throughout their lives. Even before they enter school, young children learn to walk, to talk,...
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Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.
Learning means acquiring knowledge or developing the ability to perform new behaviors. It is common to think of learning as something that takes place in school, but much of human learning occurs outside the classroom, and people continue to learn throughout their lives.
Even before they enter school, young children learn to walk, to talk, and to use their hands to manipulate toys, food, and other objects. They use all of their senses to learn about the sights, sounds, tastes, and smells in their environments. They learn how to interact with their parents, siblings, friends, and other people important to their world. When they enter school, children learn basic academic subjects such as reading, writing, and mathematics. They also continue to learn a great deal outside the classroom. They learn which behaviors are likely to be rewarded and which are likely to be punished. They learn social skills for interacting with other children. After they finish school, people must learn to adapt to the many major changes that affect their lives, such as getting married, raising children, and finding and keeping a job.
Because learning continues throughout our lives and affects almost everything we do, the study of learning is important in many different fields. Teachers need to understand the best ways to educate children. Psychologists, social workers, criminologists, and other human-service workers need to understand how certain experiences change people’s behaviors. Employers, politicians, and advertisers make use of the principles of learning to influence the behavior of workers, voters, and consumers.
Learning is closely related to memory, which is the storage of information in the brain. Psychologists who study memory are interested in how the brain stores knowledge, where this storage takes place, and how the brain later retrieves knowledge when we need it. In contrast, psychologists who study learning are more interested in behavior and how behavior changes as a result of a person’s experiences.
There are many forms of learning, ranging from simple to complex. Simple forms of learning involve a single stimulus. A stimulus is anything perceptible to the senses, such as a sight, sound, smell, touch, or taste. In a form of learning known as classical conditioning, people learn to associate two stimuli that occur in sequence, such as lightning followed by thunder. In operant conditioning, people learn by forming an association between a behavior and its consequences (reward or punishment). People and animals can also learn by observation - that is, by watching others perform behaviors. More complex forms of learning include learning languages, concepts, and motor skills
According to the passage, what are children NOT usually taught outside the classroom?
A. literacy and calculation
B. life skills
C. interpersonal communication
D. right from wrong
LEARNING HOW TO LEARN
There. is usually one important (1)_____ missing from most school (2) _____. Very few students are (3) _____how to organize their learning, and how to (4) _____the best use of their time. Let's take some simple (5) _____Do you know how to (6) _____up words in a dictionary, and do you understand all the (7) _____ the dictionary contains? Can you (8) notes quickly, and can you understand them (9) _____ ? For some reason, many schools give learners .no (10) _____ with these matters. Teachers ask students to (11) _____ pages from books, or tell them to write ten pages, but don't explain (12)_____ to do it. Learning by (13) _____ can be useful, but it is important to have genuine (14) _____of a subject. You can (15) _____a lot of time memorizing books, without understanding anything about the subject!
1. A. theme B. book C. subject D. mark
2. A. agendas B. timetables C. terms D. organizations
3. A. taught B. learnt C. educated D. graduated
4. A. take B. give C. get D. make
5. A. sentences B. results C. rules D. examples
6. A. find B. look C. research D. get
7. A. information B. advise C. subjects D. themes
8. A. do B. send C. make D. revise
9. A. after B. afterwards C. lastly D. at last
10. A. teaching B. ability C. instruction D. help
11. A. concentrate B. remind C. forget D. memorise
12. A. how B. what C. why D. it
13. A. the way B. heart C. now D. law
14. A. information B. success C. understanding D. attention
15. A. pass B. waste C. tell D. use