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\({\left( {a - b} \right)^3} = {\left[ {a + \left( { - b} \right)} \right]^3} = {a^3} + 3.{a^2}.\left( { - b} \right) + 3.a.{\left( { - b} \right)^2} + {\left( { - b} \right)^3} = {a^3} - 3{a^2}b + 3a{b^2} - {b^3}\)
Từ đó ta có \({\left( {a - b} \right)^3} = {a^3} - 3{a^2}b + 3a{b^2} - {b^3}\)
\({\left( {a - b} \right)^2} = {\left[ {a + \left( { - b} \right)} \right]^2} = {a^2} + 2.a.\left( { - b} \right) + {\left( { - b} \right)^2} = {a^2} - 2.ab + {b^2}\)
\(\begin{array}{l}\left( {a + b} \right).\left( {{a^2} - ab + {b^2}} \right) = a.{a^2} - a.ab + a.{b^2} + b.{a^2} - b.ab + b.{b^2}\\ = {a^3} - {a^2}b + a{b^2} + {a^2} - a{b^2} + {b^3}\\ = {a^3} + {b^3}\end{array}\)
\(\begin{array}{l}\left( {a + b} \right){\left( {a + b} \right)^2} = \left( {a + b} \right).\left( {{a^2} + 2ab + {b^2}} \right) = a.{a^2} + a.2ab + a.{b^2} + b.{a^2} + b.2ab + b.{b^2}\\ = {a^3} + 2{a^2}b + a{b^2} + {a^2}b + 2a{b^2} + {b^3}\\ = {a^3} + 3{a^2}b + 3a{b^2} + {b^3}\end{array}\)
a) \(VT=\left(a+b+c\right)^3-a^3-b^3-c^3\)
\(=\left(a+b\right)^3+3c\left(a+b\right)\left(a+b+c\right)+c^3-a^3-b^3-c^3\)
\(=a^3+b^3+c^3+3ab\left(a+b\right)+3\left(a+b\right)\left(ac+bc+c^2\right)-a^3-b^3-c^3\)
\(=3\left(a+b\right)\left(ab+ac+bc+c^2\right)\)
\(=3\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)\left(c+a\right)=VP\)
b) \(VT=a^3+b^3+c^3-3abc\)
\(=\left(a+b\right)^3-3ab\left(a+b\right)+c^3-3abc\)
\(=\left(a+b+c\right)\left[\left(a+b\right)^2-\left(a+b\right)c+c^2\right]-3ab\left(a+b+c\right)\)
\(=\left(a+b+c\right)\left(a^2+2ab+b^2-ca-bc+c^2-3ab\right)\)
\(=\left(a+b+c\right)\left(a^2+b^2+c^2-ab-bc-ca\right)=VP\)
\({a^3} + \left( { - {b^3}} \right) = \left[ {a + \left( { - b} \right)} \right]\left[ {{a^2} - a.\left( { - b} \right) + {{\left( { - b} \right)}^2}} \right] = \left( {a - b} \right)\left( {{a^2} + ab + {b^2}} \right)\)
Từ đó ta có \({a^3} - {b^3} = \left( {a - b} \right)\left( {{a^2} + ab + {b^2}} \right)\)