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Alan Turing was a brilliant mathematician and computer scientist. He was born in 1912, and he grew up in London, where he lived for most of his life. Today, he is famous for developing an important computer program that helped the British government in World War II. The aim of the technology was to understand secret codes sent by a machine called ENIGMA. By breaking the codes, Turing helped end the war. This work saved millions of lives. It also had a huge impact on the development of future computers. The film The Imitation Game discusses Turing's life and work, and it explains the many reasons we should celebrate this amazing inventor.
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Nowadays in the news you can read a lot about biotechnology and the controversies about it and perhaps you ask yourself what it is exactly. Well, this article is going to give you a brief history of the field of biotechnology and show you that, although the word “biotechnology” was first used in 1919, we have been using biotechnology for many thousands of years in ways that are completely uncontroversial. It will also look at the more modern developments which have started intense debate. When you are drinking a cold beer on a hot day, or eating a delicious cheese sandwich, you can thank biotechnology for the pleasure you are experiencing. That’s right! Beer, bread and cheese are all produced using biotechnology. Perhaps a definition will be useful to understand how. A standard definition is that biotechnology (or biotech for short) is the application of science and engineering to the direct or indirect use of living organisms. And as you know, the food and drink above are all produced by the fermentation of micro-organisms. In beer, the yeast multiplies as it eats the sugars in the mixture and turns them into alcohol and CO2. This ancient technique was first used in Egypt to make bread and wine around 4000BC! Antibiotics are used to prevent and treat diseases, especially those caused by bacteria. They are natural substances that are created by bacteria and fungi. The first antibiotic was made in China in about 500BC – to cure boils. In 1928 Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin and it was considered a medical miracle. Modern research is looking at the creation of super-antibodies which can kill bacteria and viruses inside the cells that house them. Our modern consumer society produces a lot of waste which needs to be disposed of safely and without harmful end products. Environmental biotechnology can help. Indeed, the use of bacteria to treat sewage was first practiced in 1914 in Manchester, England. Vermiculture or using worms to treat waste is another environmentally-friendly practice and the end product is a natural fertiliser. Bacteria have even been developed to help with problems such as oil spills. They convert crude oil and gasoline into non-toxic substances such as carbon dioxide, water and oxygen and help create a cleaner, healthier environment. These examples of biotechnology are accepted by most people. However, the discovery of the DNA structure by Watson and Crick in 1953 was the beginning of the modern era of genetics and the following areas of biotech are very controversial. Read on… The genetic modification of plants and crops has been in practice for many years. This involves changing the genetic code of these plants so that they are more resistant to bad conditions like drought, floods and frost. Supporters of GM food say that it can offer the consumer better quality, safety and taste and for over a decade Americans have been eating GM food. However, things are very different in Europe where genetically modified food is very strictly regulated and regarded with deep suspicion by the public. GM food has even been called “Frankenfood” in the press, a term inspired by the novel Frankenstein by Mary Shelley. There is a great cultural divide between America and Europe over whether such food is safe to eat and will not harm the environment and the discussion is still in progress. 1997 saw the birth of Dolly the sheep, the first animal cloned from an adult cell. This was a remarkable achievement which created world-wide debate on the ethical issues surrounding cloning. International organisations such as the European parliament, UNESCO and WHO all declared that human cloning is both morally and legally wrong. However, we need to make a distinction between reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning. Nowadays the idea of reproductive cloning – creating a copy of another person - is no longer interesting for researchers. Instead therapeutic cloning is creating excitement in the biotech world. Key to this technique is stem cells, which are master cells that have the potential to become any other kind of cell in the body e.g. nerve cells, blood, heart muscle or even brain cells. Stem cells themselves have generated a lot of controversy as it was believed that only human embryos could provide them. However, it now appears that adult stem cells offer the same possibility. This would mean that a patient who suffered a heart attack could provide doctors with his adult stem cells which could then be implanted back into his heart and used to create heart muscle, replacing the muscle that was damaged. As the genetic code is identical, there would be no problem of the body rejecting the implant as, unfortunately, happens with organ transplants. In the future, biotechnologists hope that stem cells could be used to grow entire organs. In this way biotechnology offers the hope of revolutionising medical treatment. In this brief overview of the history of biotechnology we have jumped from making bread to making human organs - an enormous leap- and it is clear that these modern practices raise many controversial issues. However, despite the debate, we can imagine that as biotechnology has been around for many years, it will still be around for some time to come - but who knows where it will take us?
Questions:
After reading, choose the best answer for the following questions
1. What is the main topic of the article?
Brief history and modern developments of biotechnology
Benefit of biotechnology
Modern research in biotechnology
2. What does the pronoun "IT" in the first paragraph refer to?
Biotechnology
The article
The word "Biotechnology"
3. Which products were first made with fermentation of micro-organisms?
Beer, bread and cheese
Bread and wine
Beer and cheese
Decide whether the statement below is True or False.
4. Alexander Fleming discovered super-antibodies which can kill bacteria and viruses inside the cells that house them.
TrueFalse
5. GM food is easily available in the U.S. and Europe.
TrueFalse
6.Researchers believe that adult stem cells could be used to create body parts.
TrueFalse
Hơn một nửa của thế giới Primates Mặt Extinction
Khi trường đại học của giáo sư nhân chủng học Illinois, Paul Garber, đặt ra để làm một đánh giá toàn diện về tình trạng của các loài linh trưởng không phải người của thế giới, ông tin rằng có hy vọng.
Bây giờ, ông nói với đài VOA, "Sau khi làm việc trên bài viết này, thực tế của thời điểm này lá tôi với hy vọng hạn chế. Theo quan điểm của tôi, thật đáng buồn mọi việc không diễn ra ở cấp quốc gia hay toàn cầu." Nghiên cứu của ông đã được xuất bản trên tạp chí khoa học tiến bộ. nghiên cứu Garber lại cho thấy rằng hiện nay "hơn một nửa của tất cả các loài linh trưởng không phải con người đang tiếp cận tuyệt chủng."
Nó không phải do bất kỳ nguyên nhân, ông nói, nhưng thay vào đó là một cơn bão hoàn hảo của các mối đe dọa nhân như việc "săn bắn, buôn bán vật nuôi bất hợp pháp và mất môi trường sống như con người tiếp tục đăng rừng nhiệt đới, xây dựng đường giao thông và của tôi" trong những gì Garber gọi " cách không cần thiết hủy diệt và không bền vững ".
THE SEARCH FOR ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
It is one of the most evocative phrases in the lexicon of science: artificial intelligence, ‘AI’, the creation of machines that can think. Just the mention of it conjures up images of HAL, the all-too intelligent computer in 2001: A Space Odyssey, and C3PO, the chatty, batty robot from Star Wars.For over half a century, computer scientists have been working towards creating such machines, spending billions of pounds in the attempt. And hanging over their efforts has been a challenge set by a British mathematician widely regarded as the father of AI research: Alan Turing.During the 1930s, Turing showed, in theory at least, that a ‘universal machine’ could be built, capable of performing all the tasks of any special-purpose computing machine. After war-time work on code- breaking, Turing helped to turn his discovery into the reality of an electronic computer. But he also believed his proof meant that computers could mimic the action of the human mind. In 1951, Turing published a prediction: by the end of the century, computers would be able to hold a five-minute conversation with humans and fool 30 percent of them into believing they were dealing with another human being.It is a deadline that has come and gone, along with huge amounts of funding. Yet no computer is remotely close to passing the ‘Turing Test’. What went wrong? Why has no one succeeded in creating AI? In fact, AI is already here, earning its keep in banks, airports, hospitals, factories – even our own home and car. It may not be quite what many were led to expect, but then the story of real-life AI is one of misplaced dreams, bitter feuds and grant-grabbing hype.Today’s computer scientists divide into two broad camps on the issue of AI. The pragmatists see AI as a means to creating machines that do for thinking what engines have done for physical labour – taking on tasks we humans would prefer not to do: spending endless hours scouring heaps of market data for trends or scanning piles of medical images for signs of disease.Then there are the visionaries, still wedded to Turing’s challenge and trying to bring the sci-fi image to life. For them, AI is all about computerised ‘assistants’ that solve your printer problems and cheeky- chappy robots that talk to strangers. There are some who even see AI as the route to understanding the workings of the human mind.
Question 36. Which would best serve as the title for the passage?A. Turing test challenge B. What is Artificial Intelligence?C.The search for Artificial Intelligence D. Alan Turing: The father of AI research
Question 37. The phrase “conjures up” in paragraph 1 mostly means _________
A. call
B. brings to mind
C. ignores
D. stirs up
Question 38. According to paragraph 3, Turing believed that _________
A. computers could copy human thought process
B. computer research needed more fundingC. computers would eventually replace human beingsD. computers might be used for immoral purposes
Question 39. The word “them” in paragraph 3 refers to _______
A. computers B. humans C. scientist D. machines
Question 40. The word “camps” in paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to _________
A. tents B. bases C. barracks D. factions
Question 41. Which of the following is true, according to the passage?
A. In the 1930s, Turing demonstrated that it was possible to create a 'universal machine'.
B. Computer scientists have been working to construct Artificial Intelligence for over a century.
C. Due to different views on AI, computer scientists are split into two groups.
D. Turing claimed machines could speak to people and trick them into thinking they were communicating with another human being.
Question 42. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?
A. We already have been using Artificial Intelligence in our daily life.
B. Human mind is more brilliant than Artificial Intelligence.
C. Computer Scientists have failed in making a “universal machine”.
D. Nobody can create a computer that can pass the “Turing Test”.