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PAPER RECYCLINGA Paper is different from other waste produce because it comes from a sustainable resource: trees. Unlike the minerals and oil used to make plastics and metals, trees are replaceable. Paper is also biodegradable, so it does not pose as much threat to the environment when it is discarded. While 45 out of every 100 tonnes of wood fibre used to make paper in Australia comes from waste paper, the rest comes directly from virgin fibre from forests and plantations. By world standards, this is a good performance since the worldwide average is 33 percent waste paper. Governments have encouraged waste paper collection and sorting schemes and at the same time, the paper industry has responded by developing new recycling technologies that have paved the way for even greater utilization of used fibre. As a result, industry’s use of recycled fibres is expected to increase at twice the rate of virgin fibre over the coming years.
B Already, waste paper constitutes 70% of paper used for packaging and advances in the technology required to remove ink from the paper have allowed a higher recycled content in newsprint and writing paper. To achieve the benefits of recycling, the community must also contribute. We need to accept a change in the quality of paper products; for example, stationery may be less white and of a rougher texture. There also needs to support from the community for waste paper collection programs. Not only do we need to make the paper available to collectors but it also needs to be separated into different types and sorted from contaminants such as staples, paperclips, string and other miscellaneous items.
C There are technical limitations to the amount of paper which can be recycled and some paper products cannot be collected for re-use. These include paper in the form of books and permanent records, photographic paper and paper which is badly contaminated. The four most common sources of paper for recycling are factories and retail stores which gather large amounts of packaging material in which goods are delivered, also offices which have unwanted business documents and computer output, paper converters and printers and lastly households which discard newspapers and packaging material. The paper manufacturer pays a price for the paper and may also incur the collection cost.
D Once collected, the paper has to be sorted by hand by people trained to recognise various types of paper. This is necessary because some types of paper can only be made from particular kinds of recycled fibre. The sorted paper then has to be repulped or mixed with water and broken down into its individual fibres. This mixture is called stock and may contain a wide variety of contaminating materials, particularly if it is made from mixed waste paper which has had little sorting. Various machineries are used to remove other materials from the stock. After passing through the repulping process, the fibres from printed waste paper are grey in colour because the printing ink has soaked into the individual fibres. This recycled material can only be used in products where the grey colour does not matter, such as cardboard boxes but if the grey colour is not acceptable, the fibres must be de-inked. This involves adding chemicals such as caustic soda or other alkalis, soaps and detergents, water-hardening agents such as calcium chloride, frothing agents and bleaching agents. Before the recycled fibres can be made into paper they must be refined or treated in such a way that they bond together.
E Most paper products must contain some virgin fibre as well as recycled fibres and unlike glass, paper cannot be recycled indefinitely. Most paper is down-cycled which means that a product made from recycled paper is of an inferior quality to the original paper. Recycling paper is beneficial in that it saves some of the energy, labour and capital that go into producing virgin pulp. However, recycling requires the use of fossil fuel, a non-renewable energy source, to collect the waste paper from the community and to process it to produce new paper. And the recycling process still creates emissions which require treatment before they can be disposed of safely. Nevertheless, paper recycling is an important economical and environmental practice but one which must be carried out in a rational and viable manner for it to be useful to both industry and the community.
i. Process of paper recycling
ii. Less threat of waste paper to the environment
iii. Collection of paper for recycling
iv. Sources of paper for recycling
v. Bad sides of paper recycling
vi. Contribution of community to recycling paper
Your answer:
1. Paragraph A ...........iii. Collection of paper for recycling............
2. Paragraph B ..........vi. Contribution of community to recycling paper.............
3. Paragraph C ...........iv. Sources of paper for recycling............
4. Paragraph D ............i. Process of paper recycling...........
5. Paragraph E ...........v. Bad sides of paper recycling............
Marriage is an ancient religious and legal practice celebrated around the world. However, wedding customs vary from country to country.
The Wedding Dress: In many countries, it is customary for the bride to wear a white dress as a symbol of purity. The tradition of wearing a special white dress only for the wedding ceremony started around 150 years ago. Before that, most women could not afford to buy a dress that they would only wear once. Now, bridal dresses can be bought in a variety of styles. In some Asian countries and in the Middle East, colors of joy and happiness like red or orange other than white are worn by the bride or used as part of the wedding ceremony,
The Wedding Rings: In many cultures, couples exchange rings, usually made of golf or silver and worn on the third finger of the left or right hand, during the marriage ceremony. The circular shape of the ring is symbolic of the couple's eternal union. In Brazil, it is traditional to have the rings engraved with the bride's name on the groom’s ring, an vice versa.
Flowers: Flowers play an important role in most weddings. Roses are said to be the flowers of love, and because they usually bloom in June, this has become the most popular month for weddings in many countries. After the wedding ceremony, in many countries the bride throws her bouquet into a crowd of well-wishers – usually her single female friends. The person who catches this bouquet will be the next one to marry.
Gifts: In Chinese cultures, w edding guests give gifts of money to the newly-weds in small red envelopes. Money is also an appropriate gift at Korean and Japanese wedding. In many Western countries, for example in the U.K, wedding guests give the bride and groom household items that they may need for their new home. In Russia, rather than receiving gifts, the bride and groom provide gifts to their guests instead.
With the continued internationalization of the modern world, wedding customs that originated in one part of the world are crossing national boundaries and have been incorporated into marriage ceremonies in other countries.
111. Which of the following is the best title of the passage?
A. Wedding ceremoniesB. Wedding customsC. Wedding dayD. Wedding history
112. The tradition of wearing a special dress only on one’s wedding day is ____.
A. about 150 years agoB. over a century ago
C. less than 100 years agoD. less than 200 years ago
113. In some cultures, the bride wears a white dress as a traditional symbol of ____.
A. modestyB. secrecyC. purityD. security
114. In some Asian and Middle Eastern.countries, which colour is NOT considered to be suitable for a wedding?
A. redB. orangeC. whiteD. blue
115. The phrase “eternal union" in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to____.
A. never-ending relationshipB. lovely relationship
C. temporary relationshipD. healthy relationship
116. The word “this" in paragraph 4 refers to which of the following?
A. roleB. loveC. JuneD. rose
117. According to the passage, in which country would the wedding guests give the bride and groom money as a present?
A. BrazilB. the U.KC. ChinaD. Russia
118. Which of the following information is TRUE according to the passage?
A. Nowadays, every bride can afford to buy a wedding dress to wear only once.
B. It is believed that any person who catches the bride’s bouquet will be the next to marry.
C . It is customary to write the groom's name on the bride’s wedding ring.
D. Thanks to globalization, one country’s wedding customs may be added to other countries’.
Question 7: What is the main idea of the first paragraph?
A. Sibling relationships are among the most important relationships in life.
B. Siblings are our oldest enemies in life.
C. Some siblings have good relationships, but other siblings have bad relationships.
D. Siblings are our oldest friends in life.
Question 8: What is the main idea of the second paragraph?
A. Brothers usually tend to be competitive with sisters.
B. Siblings spend a lot of time together because they have to.
C. Females and males generally have different sibling relationships.
D. Sisters get along better with their sisters than with their brothers.
Question 9: What is the main idea of the third paragraph?
A. Siblings often support or punish one of their brothers or sisters in an argument.
B. There are many causes of good and bad sibling relationships.
C. Research has shown that siblings hate to fight.
D. Siblings are often indifferent to their parental treatment.
Question 10: Which of the following is NOT true about siblings?
A. Brothers are more talkative than sisters.
B. Sister-sister pairs are the closest.
C. Brother-brother pairs are the most competitive.
D. Sibling relationships between sister-sister pairs and, brother-brother pairs are different.
Question 11: Which of the following is true about siblings?
A. Parental treatment is the only factor that influences the, relationships among siblings.
B. The relationship among brothers and sisters-explains a lot about family life.
C. Children avoid arguments that their siblings have.
D. Genetics and gender don't impact on the lives of siblings.
Question 12: The word "sibling" is closest in meaning to _____________.
A. the whole family B. brothers C. sisters D. brothers and sisters
Question 13: The word "they" in paragraph 2 refers to _______________.
A. siblings B. sisters C. relationships D. brothers
Question 14: The relationship among siblings is_______________.
A. competitive B. only influenced by personality C. influenced by many factors D. aggressive
TEST 1
To do well at school, college or university you usually need to do well in exams. “All students hate exams” may be a generalization, but it is fairly true one. Certainly, all of the students I’ve known disliked doing exams, None of them thought that the exam system was fair; to do well in a exam you simply had to be able to predict the questions which would be asked, This was the case as regards tow students in my class at college. Botyh of them were exceptionally bright, but in the final year “exam” neither of them got an a grade. In fact, they both got Cs. The exam had tested us on questions which had come up the previous year. They had both assumed that the same questions wouldn’t come up again, and hadn’t prepared for them.
1) Students need to do well in exams __________.
a. In order to do well at school.
b. Because they need to do well at school.
c. So that to do well at school.
d. Therefore they have to do well at school.
2) The stastement “ All students hate exams” is _________.
a. extremely true b. completely true
c. quite true d. very true
3) Which of the following sentences is not true?
a. All of the students the writer has known thought that the exam system was unfair.
b. To do well in an exam you simly had the ability to predict the questions which would be asked.
c. None of the students the writer has known disliked doing exams.
d. “ All students hate exams” is fairly true generalization.
4) Why did the two students in the writer’s class get C grades in the final exam?
a. Because the exam was very difficult.
b. Because they didn’t prepare for the questions that had come up the previous year.
c. Because they were dull students.
d. Because the questions weren’t in their lesson.
5) The writer’s main purpose of writing the passage is to _________________________.
a. describe the importance of exams.
b. discuss how exams effect on the students.
c. explain the equality in examinations.
d. criticize the exam system.
TEST 2
Every year people in many countries learn English. Some of them are young children. Others are teenagers. Many are adults. Some learn at school. Others study by themselves. A few learn English just by hearing the language in film, on television, in the office or among their friends. Most people must work hard to learn English.
Why do these all people learn English? It is not difficult to answer this question.
Many boys and girls learn English at school because it is one of their subjects. Many adults learn English because it is useful for their work. Teenagers often learn English for their higher studies because some of their books are in English at the college or university. Other people learn English because they want to read newspapers or magazines in English.
1. According to the writer. English is learn by _____________.
a. young children b. adults
c. teenagers c. all are correct
2. Most people learn English by ____________.
a. themselves b. hearing the language on television
c. working hard on the lesson d. speaking English to their friends
3. Where do many boys and girls learn English?
a. at home b. in the office
c. in evening class d. at school
4. Teenagers learn English because ___________.
a. It’s useful for their higher studies b. it’s one of their subjects.
c. They want to master it. D. a and c are correct.
5. Why do many adults learn English?
a. Because they want to see movies in English.
b. Because they need it for their job.
c. Because they are forced to learn.
d. Because it’s not difficult to learn.
#Yumi
TEST 1
To do well at school, college or university you usually need to do well in exams. “All students hate exams” may be a generalization, but it is fairly true one. Certainly, all of the students I’ve known disliked doing exams, None of them thought that the exam system was fair; to do well in a exam you simply had to be able to predict the questions which would be asked, This was the case as regards tow students in my class at college. Botyh of them were exceptionally bright, but in the final year “exam” neither of them got an a grade. In fact, they both got Cs. The exam had tested us on questions which had come up the previous year. They had both assumed that the same questions wouldn’t come up again, and hadn’t prepared for them.
1) Students need to do well in exams __________.
a. In order to do well at school.
b. Because they need to do well at school.
c. So that to do well at school.
d. Therefore they have to do well at school.
2) The stastement “ All students hate exams” is _________.
a. extremely true b. completely true
c. quite true d. very true
3) Which of the following sentences is not true?
a. All of the students the writer has known thought that the exam system was unfair.
b. To do well in an exam you simly had the ability to predict the questions which would be asked.
c. None of the students the writer has known disliked doing exams.
d. “ All students hate exams” is fairly true generalization.
4) Why did the two students in the writer’s class get C grades in the final exam?
a. Because the exam was very difficult.
b. Because they didn’t prepare for the questions that had come up the previous year.
c. Because they were dull students.
d. Because the questions weren’t in their lesson.
5) The writer’s main purpose of writing the passage is to _________________________.
a. describe the importance of exams.
b. discuss how exams effect on the students.
c. explain the equality in examinations.
d. criticize the exam system.
TEST 2
Every year people in many countries learn English. Some of them are young children. Others are teenagers. Many are adults. Some learn at school. Others study by themselves. A few learn English just by hearing the language in film, on television, in the office or among their friends. Most people must work hard to learn English.
Why do these all people learn English? It is not difficult to answer this question.
Many boys and girls learn English at school because it is one of their subjects. Many adults learn English because it is useful for their work. Teenagers often learn English for their higher studies because some of their books are in English at the college or university. Other people learn English because they want to read newspapers or magazines in English.
1. According to the writer. English is learn by _____________.
a. young children b. adults
c. teenagers c. all are correct
2. Most people learn English by ____________.
a. themselves b. hearing the language on television
c. working hard on the lesson d. speaking English to their friends
3. Where do many boys and girls learn English?
a. at home b. in the office
c. in evening class d. at school
4. Teenagers learn English because ___________.
a. It’s useful for their higher studies b. it’s one of their subjects.
c. They want to master it. D. a and c are correct.
5. Why do many adults learn English?
a. Because they want to see movies in English.
b. Because they need it for their job.
c. Because they are forced to learn.
d. Because it’s not difficult to learn.
1. A. which `B. who C. when D. where
2. A. although B. because C. if D. unless
3. A. on B. in C. back D. for
4. A. mystery B. mysterious C. mysteriously D. mysteries
5. A. had B. took C. raised D. became
I. Discuss these questions. Campare your answers.
1. Explain why the writer once arrived at the airport only a few minutes before the plane left.
=>Because his secretary had got the ticket for him and he thought she said that the plane left at 10:50.
2. Whose fault do you think it was? Thư writer's or his secretary's? Give reasons for your answer.
=>Thư writer's .Because he didn`t bother to take a good look at the ticket.
3. Explain why the writer think it is essential to have at least a little local currency when you arrive in a foreign country.
=>Because this can be absolutely essential if you are flying to a place few tourists normally visit.
4. Describe some of the problems you could have if you ignore the advice in the last paragraph
=>when it is still fairly cool in London or Manchester, to places like Athens, Rome or Madrid, where it is already beginning to get quite warm during a day.
I. Fill each of the numbered blanks in the following passage with a suitable word.
About two hundred years ago, man lived in (1) greater harmony with his environment because/ since/ as (2) industry was not much developed. Today the situation is quite different (3). People all over the world are worried about what is happening to the environment (4), because of modern industry and the need for more and more energy. Newspapers and magazines write (5) about water pollution, air pollution, and land pollution.
Why is there so much discussion about pollution (6)? After all, people have been polluting the world around (7) them for thousands and thousands of years. But in the past (8), there were not many (9) people and there was lots of room in the world so people could move to another place when (10) their settlements became dirty.
Now, however, many parts of the world are crowded (11). People live in big cities and much of our waste, especially waste (12) from factories, electric power stations, the chemical industry and heavy industry is (13) very dangerous. Fish die in the lakes, rivers, and seas; forest trees die too. Much of this dangerous (14) waste goes into the air and is carried by the wind (15) for great distances.
1. immigration
2. cultural
3. locally
4. vandalism
5. unpaid
6. opposing
7. handle
8. theft
9. neighborhoods
10. punishment