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Ta có 1/2x3<1/2^2<1/1x2;1/3x4<1/3^2<1/2x3;
.......
1/45x46<1/45^2<1/44x45
=>1/2x3+1/3x4+...+1/45x46<1/2^2+1/3^2+...+1/45^2<1/1x2+1/2x3+...+1/44x45
=>1/2-1/46<1/2^2+1/3^2+...+1/45^2<1-1/45
=>11/23<1/2^2+1/3^2+...+1/45^2<44/45
Mà11/23>0;44/45<1
=>0<1/2^2+1/3^2+...+1/45^2<1
Vậy 1/2^2+1/3^2+...+1/45^2 không phải là số nguyên
\(S=\dfrac{1}{2018}\left(1+\dfrac{1}{1}+1+\dfrac{1}{2}+1+\dfrac{1}{3}+...+1+\dfrac{1}{2018}\right)\)
\(S=\dfrac{1}{2018}\left(2018+\dfrac{1}{1}+\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{3}+...+\dfrac{1}{2018}\right)\)
\(S=1+\dfrac{1}{2018}\left(\dfrac{1}{1}+\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{3}+...+\dfrac{1}{2018}\right)\)
Do \(\dfrac{1}{2018}\left(\dfrac{1}{1}+\dfrac{1}{2}+...+\dfrac{1}{2018}\right)>0\Rightarrow S>1\) (1)
Lại có:
\(\dfrac{1}{1}+\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{3}+...+\dfrac{1}{2018}< \dfrac{1}{1}+\dfrac{1}{1}+\dfrac{1}{1}+...+\dfrac{1}{1}=2018\)
\(\Rightarrow1+\dfrac{1}{2018}\left(\dfrac{1}{1}+\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{3}+...+\dfrac{1}{2018}\right)< 1+\dfrac{1}{2018}.2018=2\)
\(\Rightarrow S< 2\) (2)
Từ (1), (2) \(\Rightarrow1< S< 2\)
\(\Rightarrow S\) nằm giữa 2 số tự nhiên liên tiếp nên S không phải là số tự nhiên
Bài 2 :
\(S=\dfrac{1}{4}+\dfrac{2}{4^2}+\dfrac{3}{4^3}+............+\dfrac{2017}{4^{2017}}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow4S=1+\dfrac{2}{4}+\dfrac{3}{4^2}+...........+\dfrac{2017}{4^{2016}}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow4S-S=\left(1+\dfrac{2}{4}+\dfrac{3}{4^2}+..........+\dfrac{2017}{4^{2016}}\right)-\left(\dfrac{1}{4}+\dfrac{2}{4^2}+..........+\dfrac{2017}{4^{2017}}\right)\)
\(\Leftrightarrow3S=1+\dfrac{1}{4}+\dfrac{1}{4^2}+.........+\dfrac{1}{4^{2016}}-\dfrac{2017}{4^{2016}}\)
Đặt :
\(A=1+\dfrac{1}{4}+\dfrac{1}{4^2}+..........+\dfrac{1}{4^{2016}}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow4A=4+1+\dfrac{1}{4}+\dfrac{1}{4^2}+..........+\dfrac{1}{4^{2015}}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow4A-A=\left(4+1+\dfrac{1}{4}+.......+\dfrac{1}{4^{2015}}\right)-\left(1+\dfrac{1}{4}+.......+\dfrac{1}{4^{2016}}\right)\)
\(\Leftrightarrow3A=4-\dfrac{1}{4^{2016}}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow D=\dfrac{4}{3}-\dfrac{1}{2^{2016}.3}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow3S=\dfrac{4}{3}-\dfrac{1}{2^{2016}.3}-\dfrac{2017}{4^{2016}}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow3S< \dfrac{4}{3}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow S< \dfrac{4}{9}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow S< \dfrac{1}{2}\rightarrowđpcm\)
\(A=\dfrac{1}{4}+\dfrac{2}{4^2}+\dfrac{3}{4^3}+...+\dfrac{2017}{4^{2017}}\) ( A cho đẹp :v)
\(4A=4\left(\dfrac{1}{4}+\dfrac{2}{4^2}+\dfrac{3}{4^3}+...+\dfrac{2017}{4^{2017}}\right)\)
\(4A=1+\dfrac{2}{4}+\dfrac{3}{4^2}+...+\dfrac{2017}{4^{2016}}\)
\(4A-A=\left(1+\dfrac{2}{4}+\dfrac{3}{4^2}+...+\dfrac{2017}{4^{2016}}\right)-\left(\dfrac{1}{4}+\dfrac{2}{4^2}+\dfrac{3}{4^3}+...+\dfrac{2017}{4^{2017}}\right)\)\(3A=1+\dfrac{1}{4}+\dfrac{1}{4^2}+\dfrac{1}{4^3}+...+\dfrac{1}{4^{2016}}-\dfrac{2017}{4^{2017}}\)
Đặt:
\(M=1+\dfrac{1}{4}+\dfrac{1}{4^2}+\dfrac{1}{4^3}+...+\dfrac{1}{4^{2016}}\)
\(4M=4\left(1+\dfrac{1}{4}+\dfrac{1}{4^2}+\dfrac{1}{4^3}+...+\dfrac{1}{4^{2016}}\right)\)
\(4M=4+1+\dfrac{1}{4}+\dfrac{1}{4^2}+...+\dfrac{1}{4^{2015}}\)
\(4M-M=\left(4+1+\dfrac{1}{4}+\dfrac{1}{4^2}+...+\dfrac{1}{4^{2015}}\right)-\left(1+\dfrac{1}{4}+\dfrac{1}{4^2}+\dfrac{1}{4^3}+...+\dfrac{1}{4^{2016}}\right)\)\(3M=4-\dfrac{1}{4^{2016}}\)
\(M=\dfrac{4}{3}-\dfrac{1}{4^{2016}}\)
Thay M vào A ta có:
\(A=\dfrac{4}{9}-\dfrac{1}{4^{2016}.3}-\dfrac{2017}{4^{2017}}\)
\(\Rightarrow A< \dfrac{1}{2}\Rightarrowđpcm\)
1.
\(\dfrac{1}{2!}+\dfrac{2}{3!}+\dfrac{3}{4!}+...+\dfrac{99}{100!}\)
\(=\dfrac{2-1}{2!}+\dfrac{3-1}{3!}+\dfrac{4-1}{4!}+...+\dfrac{100-1}{100!}\)
\(=\dfrac{1}{1!}-\dfrac{1}{2!}+\dfrac{1}{2!}-\dfrac{1}{3!}+\dfrac{1}{3!}-\dfrac{1}{4!}+...+\)\(\dfrac{1}{99!}-\dfrac{1}{100!}\)
\(=1-\dfrac{1}{100!}< 1\)
2.
\(\dfrac{1.2-1}{2!}+\dfrac{2.3-1}{3!}+\dfrac{3.4-1}{4!}+...+\)\(\dfrac{1}{100!}\)
Ta có:
\(=\dfrac{1.2}{2!}-\dfrac{1}{2!}+\dfrac{2.3}{3!}-\dfrac{1}{3!}+\dfrac{3.4}{4!}-\dfrac{1}{4!}+...+\)\(\dfrac{99.100}{100!}-\dfrac{1}{100}\)
\(=\left(\dfrac{1.2}{2!}+\dfrac{2.3}{3!}+\dfrac{3.4}{4!}+...+\dfrac{99.100}{100!}\right)\)\(-\left(\dfrac{1}{2!}+\dfrac{1}{3!}+...+\dfrac{1}{100!}\right)\)
\(=\left(1+1+\dfrac{1}{2!}+...+\dfrac{1}{98!}\right)\)\(-\left(\dfrac{1}{2!}+\dfrac{1}{3!}+...+\dfrac{1}{100!}\right)\)
\(=2-\dfrac{1}{99!}-\dfrac{1}{100!}< 2\)
\(B=\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{3^2}+\dfrac{1}{3^3}+...+\dfrac{1}{3^{100}}\)
\(3B=1+\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{3^2}+...+\dfrac{1}{3^{99}}\)
\(\Rightarrow3B-B=1-\dfrac{1}{3^{100}}\)
\(\Rightarrow2B=1-\dfrac{1}{3^{100}}\)
\(0< \dfrac{1}{3^{100}}< 1\Rightarrow0< 1-\dfrac{1}{3^{100}}< 1\)
\(\Rightarrow0< 2B< 1\Rightarrow0< B< \dfrac{1}{2}\Rightarrow\) B không phải số nguyên
Theo bài ra, ta có:
\(S=\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{4}+...+\dfrac{1}{16}\)
\(\Rightarrow S=\left(\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{4}+\dfrac{1}{5}\right)+\left(\dfrac{1}{6}+\dfrac{1}{7}+\dfrac{1}{8}\right)+\left(\dfrac{1}{9}+\dfrac{1}{10}+\dfrac{1}{11}\right)+\left(\dfrac{1}{12}+\dfrac{1}{13}+\dfrac{1}{14}\right)+\left(\dfrac{1}{15}+\dfrac{1}{16}\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow S< \left(\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{4}+\dfrac{1}{5}\right)+\dfrac{1}{6}.3+\dfrac{1}{9}.3+\dfrac{1}{12}.3+\dfrac{1}{15}.3\)
\(\Rightarrow S< \left(\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{4}+\dfrac{1}{5}\right)+\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{4}+\dfrac{1}{5}\)
\(\Rightarrow S< 2\left(\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{4}+\dfrac{1}{5}\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow S< 2\left[\left(\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{2}\right)+\left(\dfrac{1}{4}+\dfrac{1}{4}\right)\right]\)
\(\Rightarrow S< 2\left(\dfrac{2}{2}+\dfrac{2}{4}\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow S< 2\left(\dfrac{2}{2}+\dfrac{1}{2}\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow S< 2.\dfrac{3}{2}\)
\(\Rightarrow S< 3\left(1\right)\)
Lại có: \(S=\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{4}+...+\dfrac{1}{16}\)
\(\Rightarrow S=\left(\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{4}\right)+\left(\dfrac{1}{5}+\dfrac{1}{6}+\dfrac{1}{7}+\dfrac{1}{8}\right)+\left(\dfrac{1}{9}+\dfrac{1}{10}+\dfrac{1}{11}+\dfrac{1}{12}\right)+\left(\dfrac{1}{13}+\dfrac{1}{14}+\dfrac{1}{15}+\dfrac{1}{16}\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow S>\left(\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{4}\right)+\dfrac{1}{8}.4+\dfrac{1}{12}.4+\dfrac{1}{16}.4\)
\(\Rightarrow S>\left(\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{4}\right)+\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{4}\)
\(\Rightarrow S>2\left(\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{4}\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow S>2\left(\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{4}+\dfrac{1}{4}\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow S>2\left(\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{2}{4}\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow S>2\left(\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{2}\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow S>2\)
Từ (1) và (2) suy ra \(2< S< 3\)
⇒ S không phải 1 số nguyên
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