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\(a^2+b^2+c^2=\left(a+b+c\right)^2\)
\(\Leftrightarrow a^2+b^2+c^2+2ab+2ac+2bc=a^2+b^2+c^2\)
\(\Leftrightarrow2\left(ab+ac+bc\right)=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow ab+ac+bc=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\hept{\begin{cases}ab=-ac-bc\\ac=-ab-bc\\bc=-ab-ac\end{cases}}\)
Ta có : \(a^2+2bc=a^2+bc+bc=a^2+bc-ab-ac=a\left(a-b\right)-c\left(a-b\right)=\left(a-b\right)\left(a-c\right)\)
CMTT ta có : \(\hept{\begin{cases}b^2+2ac=\left(b-a\right)\left(b-c\right)\\c^2+2ab=\left(c-a\right)\left(c-b\right)\end{cases}}\)
Thay vào A ta được :
\(A=\frac{1}{\left(a-b\right)\left(a-c\right)}+\frac{1}{\left(b-a\right)\left(b-c\right)}+\frac{1}{\left(c-a\right)\left(c-b\right)}\)
\(A=\frac{b-c}{\left(a-b\right)\left(a-c\right)\left(b-c\right)}+\frac{-a+c}{\left(a-b\right)\left(a-c\right)\left(b-c\right)}+\frac{a-b}{\left(a-b\right)\left(a-c\right)\left(b-c\right)}\)
\(A=\frac{b-c-a+c+a-b}{\left(a-b\right)\left(a-c\right)\left(b-c\right)}\)
\(A=\frac{0}{\left(a-b\right)\left(a-c\right)\left(b-c\right)}\)
\(A=0\)
Ta chứng minh bất đẳng thức: \(\frac{a^2}{x}+\frac{b^2}{y}+\frac{c^2}{z}\ge\frac{\left(a+b+c\right)^2}{x+y+z}\) (a,b,c,x,y,z dương) (Hệ quả của bất đẳng thức Cauchy-Schwarz (Bunyakovsky))
\(\left[\frac{a^2}{\left(\sqrt{x}\right)^2}+\frac{b^2}{\left(\sqrt{y}\right)^2}+\frac{c^2}{\left(\sqrt{z}\right)^2}\right]\left[\left(\sqrt{x}\right)^2+\sqrt{y}^2+\sqrt{z^2}\right]\ge a^2+b^2+c^2\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\frac{a^2}{x}+\frac{b^2}{y}+\frac{c^2}{z}\ge\frac{\left(a+b+c\right)^2}{x+y+z}\)
Ta có:
\(A=\frac{bc}{a^2+2bc}+\frac{ca}{b^2+2ac}+\frac{ab}{c^2+2ab}\)
\(2A=\frac{2bc}{a^2+2bc}+\frac{2ca}{b^2+2ac}+\frac{2ab}{c^2+2ab}\)
\(=\frac{a^2+2bc-a^2}{a^2+2bc}+\frac{b^2+2ca-b^2}{b^2+2ac}+\frac{c^2+2ab-c^2}{c^2+2ab}\)
\(=3-\left(\frac{a^2}{a^2+2bc}+\frac{b^2}{b^2+2ac}+\frac{c^2}{c^2+2ab}\right)\)
\(\le3-\frac{\left(a+b+c\right)^2}{a^2+b^2+c^2+2ab+2ac+2bc}=3-\frac{\left(a+b+c\right)^2}{\left(a+b+c\right)^2}=3-1=2\)
=> A<=1
a,b,c dương
Ta viết lại BĐT thành: \(\frac{1}{\frac{a^2}{bc}+2}+\frac{1}{\frac{b^2}{ca}+2}+\frac{1}{\frac{c^2}{ab}+2}\le1\)
Đặt \(\frac{a^2}{bc}=x;\frac{b^2}{ca}=y;\frac{c^2}{ab}=z\Rightarrow\hept{\begin{cases}x,y,z>0\\xyz=1\end{cases}}\)và ta cần chứng minh \(\frac{1}{x+2}+\frac{1}{y+2}+\frac{1}{z+2}\le1\)
Xét biểu thức\(\frac{1}{x+2}+\frac{1}{y+2}+\frac{1}{z+2}=\) \(\frac{\left(y+2\right)\left(z+2\right)+\left(z+2\right)\left(x+2\right)+\left(x+2\right)\left(y+2\right)}{\left(x+2\right)\left(y+2\right)\left(z+2\right)}\)
\(=\frac{\left(yz+2y+2z+4\right)+\left(zx+2z+2x+4\right)+\left(xy+2x+2y+4\right)}{\left(xy+2x+2y+4\right)\left(z+2\right)}\)
\(=\frac{\left(xy+yz+zx\right)+4\left(x+y+z\right)+12}{xyz+2\left(xy+yz+zx\right)+4\left(x+y+z\right)+8}\)\(=\frac{\left(xy+yz+zx\right)+4\left(x+y+z\right)+12}{xyz+\left(xy+yz+zx\right)+\left(xy+yz+zx\right)+4\left(x+y+z\right)+8}\)\(\le\frac{\left(xy+yz+zx\right)+4\left(x+y+z\right)+12}{xyz+3\sqrt{\left(xyz\right)^2}+\left(xy+yz+zx\right)+4\left(x+y+z\right)+8}\)\(=\frac{\left(xy+yz+zx\right)+4\left(x+y+z\right)+12}{\left(xy+yz+zx\right)+4\left(x+y+z\right)+12}=1\)
Vậy bất đẳng thức được chứng minh
Đẳng thức xảy ra khi x = y = z = 1 hay a = b = c
BĐT cần CM tương đương:
\(3-VT\ge1\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\frac{a^2+2bc-a\left(b+c\right)}{a^2+2bc}+...\ge1\) (1)
\(VT\left(1\right)=\frac{\left[a^2+2bc-a\left(b+c\right)\right]^2}{\left(a^2+2bc\right)\left[a^2+2bc-a\left(b+c\right)\right]}+...\)
\(\ge\frac{\left[a^2+2bc-a\left(b+c\right)+b^2+2ca-b\left(c+a\right)+c^2+2ab-c\left(a+b\right)\right]^2}{\left(a^2+2bc\right)\left[a^2+2bc-a\left(b+c\right)\right]+...}\)
\(=\frac{\left(a^2+b^2+c^2\right)^2}{\left(a^2+2bc\right)\left[a^2+2bc-a\left(b+c\right)\right]+...}\) (2)
Ta cần chứng minh mẫu của (2) \(\le\left(a^2+b^2+c^2\right)^2\)
... Tự biến đổi ra thôi thi ta được 1 biểu thức không âm luôn đúng
=> BĐT trên đúng
=> đpcm
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi: a = b = c
(a+b+c)2=a2+b2+c2
=>2(ab+bc+ac)=0
=>ab+bc+ac=0
=> bc=-ab-ac
=>\(\frac{a^2}{a^2+2bc}=\frac{a^2}{a^2-ac-ab+bc}\)=\(\frac{a^2}{\left(a-c\right)\left(a-b\right)}\)
Tuong tu => \(\frac{b^2}{b^2+2ac}=....\)
\(\frac{c^2}{c^2+2ab}=...\)
=> \(\frac{a^2}{a^2+2bc}+....\)=\(\frac{a^2}{\left(a-b\right)\left(a-c\right)}\)+...
=\(\frac{\left(a-b\right)\left(b-c\right)\left(c-a\right)}{\left(a-b\right)\left(b-c\right)\left(c-a\right)}\)
=1
CM theo chiều ngược lại , nếu a ; b ; c là 3 cạnh tam giác
thì tổng các phân thức trên > 1 ( 1 )
\(\frac{a^2+b^2-c^2}{2ab}+1=\frac{\left(a+b\right)^2-c^2}{2ab}\) ; \(\frac{b^2+c^2-a^2}{2bc}-1=\frac{\left(b-c\right)^2-a^2}{2bc}\) ;
\(\frac{c^2+a^2-b^2}{2ac}-1=\frac{\left(c-a\right)^2-b^2}{2ac}\)
\(\Rightarrow\frac{a^2+b^2-c^2}{2ab}+\frac{b^2+c^2-a^2}{2bc}+\frac{c^2+a^2-b^2}{2ac}-1=\frac{\left(a+b\right)^2-c^2}{2ab}+\frac{\left(b-c\right)^2-a^2}{2bc}+\frac{\left(c-a\right)^2-b^2}{2ac}\)
\(=\frac{\left(a+b-c\right)\left(a+b+c\right)}{2ab}+\frac{\left(b-c-a\right)\left(b-c+a\right)}{2bc}+\frac{\left(c-a-b\right)\left(c-a+b\right)}{2ac}\)
\(=\frac{\left(a+b-c\right)\left(a+b+c\right)}{2ab}+\frac{\left(b-c-a\right)\left(b-c+a\right)}{2bc}+\frac{\left(a+b-c\right)\left(a-c-b\right)}{2ac}\)
\(=\left(a+b-c\right)\left(\frac{a+b+c}{2ab}+\frac{b-c-a}{2bc}+\frac{a-c-b}{2ac}\right)\)
\(=\left(a+b-c\right)\left[\frac{\left(a+b+c\right)c+\left(b-c-a\right)a+\left(a-c-b\right)b}{2abc}\right]\)
\(=\left(a+b-c\right)\left[\frac{ac+bc+c^2+ab-ac-a^2+ab-bc-b^2}{2abc}\right]\)
\(=\left(a+b-c\right)\left[\frac{c^2-\left(a-b\right)^2}{2abc}\right]\)
\(=\left(a+b-c\right).\frac{\left(c-a+b\right)\left(c+a-b\right)}{2abc}\) ( * )
Vì a ; b ; c là 3 cạnh của tam giác nên biểu thức (*) luôn > 0
\(\Rightarrow\frac{a^2+b^2-c^2}{2ab}+\frac{b^2+c^2-a^2}{2bc}+\frac{c^2+a^2-b^2}{2ac}-1>0\)
\(\Rightarrow\frac{a^2+b^2-c^2}{2ab}+\frac{b^2+c^2-a^2}{2bc}+\frac{c^2+a^2-b^2}{2ac}>1\left(đpcm\right)\) ( 2 )
Từ ( 1 ) ; ( 2 ) => a ; b ; c là 3 cạnh của 1 tam giác