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Lời giải:
$A=(1+3+3^2+3^3)+(3^4+3^5+3^6+3^7)+....+(3^{56}+3^{57}+3^{58}+3^{59})$
$=(1+3+3^2+3^3)+3^4(1+3+3^2+3^3)+...+3^{56}(1+3+3^2+3^3)$
$=(1+3+3^2+3^3)(1+3^4+...+3^{56})$
$=40.(1+3^4+...+3^{56})\vdots 10$
Do đó chữ số tận cùng của $A$ là $0$
\(3+3^2+3^3+...+3^{60}\\ =\left(3+3^2+3^3+3^4\right)=\left(3^5+3^6+3^7+3^8\right)+...+\left(3^{57}+3^{58}+3^{59}+3^{60}\right)\\ =3\left(1+3+3^2+3^3\right)+3^5\left(1+3+3^2+3^3\right)+...+3^{57}\left(1+3+3^2+3^3\right)\\ =3.40+3^5.40+...+3^{57}.40\\ =\left(3+3^5+...+3^{57}\right).40⋮5\left(Vì:40⋮5\right)\)
\(A=3+3^2+3^3+...+3^{60}\)
\(A=3\left(1+3+3^2+3^3\right)+...+3^{57}\left(1+3+3^2+3^3\right)\)
\(A=3.40+...+3^{57}.40\)
\(A=40\left(3+3^5...+3^{57}\right)\)
mà \(40⋮5\)
\(\Rightarrow A⋮5\left(dpcm\right)\)
\(A=\left(3+3^2+3^3\right)+...+\left(3^{58}+3^{59}+3^{60}\right)\\ A=3\left(1+3+3^2\right)+...+3^{58}\left(1+3+3^2\right)\\ A=\left(1+3+3^2\right)\left(3+...+3^{58}\right)\\ A=13\left(3+...+3^{58}\right)⋮13\)
\(M=\left(2+2^2+2^3+2^4\right)+...+\left(2^{17}+2^{18}+2^{19}+2^{20}\right)\\ M=\left(2+2^2+2^3+2^4\right)+...+2^{16}\left(2+2^2+2^3+2^4\right)\\ M=\left(2+2^2+2^3+2^4\right)\left(1+...+2^{16}\right)\\ M=30\left(1+...+2^{16}\right)⋮5\)
a) B\(=\) 3 + 32 + 33 + ... + 360
\(=\)(3+32)+(33+34)+...+(359+360)
\(=\)3(1+3)+33(1+3)+...+359(1+3)
\(=\)(3+1)(3+33+...+359)
\(=\)4(3+33+...+359)⋮4
⇒B⋮4
b) B\(=\)(3+32+33)+...+(358+359+360)
\(=\)30(3+32+33)+...+357(358+359+360)
\(=\)3+32+33(30+33+36+...+357)
\(=\)39(30+33+36+...+357)⋮13
⇒ B⋮13
\(A=3+3^2+3^3+...+3^{60}\)
\(\Rightarrow A=\left(3+3^2+3^3+3^4\right)+\left(3^5+3^6+3^7+3^8\right)+...+\left(3^{57}+3^{58}+3^{59}+3^{60}\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow A=3\left(1+3+3^2+3^3\right)+3^5\left(1+3+3^2+3^3\right)+...+3^{57}\left(1+3+3^2+3^3\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow A=\left(3+3^5+...+3^{57}\right)\left(1+3+3^2+3^3\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow A=40\left(3+3^5+...+3^{57}\right)⋮40\)
\(A=\left(3^{60}+3^{58}+3^{56}+...+3^2\right)-\left(3^{59}+3^{57}+3^{55}+...+3\right).\)
\(B=3^{60}+3^{58}+3^{56}+...+3^2\)
\(9B=3^{62}+3^{60}+3^{58}+...+3^4\)
\(B=\frac{9B-B}{8}=\frac{3^{62}-3^2}{8}=\frac{3^2\left(3^{60}-1\right)}{8}\)
\(C=3^{59}+3^{57}+3^{55}+...+3\)
\(9C=3^{61}+3^{59}+3^{57}+...+3^3\)
\(C=\frac{9C-C}{8}=\frac{3^{61}-3}{8}=\frac{3\left(3^{60}-1\right)}{8}\)
\(A=B-C=\frac{3^2\left(3^{60}-1\right)-3\left(3^{60}-1\right)}{8}=\frac{6\left(3^{60}-1\right)}{8}\)
\(A=\frac{2.3.\left(3^{60}-1\right)}{8}=\frac{2.3.3^{60}}{8}-\frac{2.3}{8}=\frac{3^{61}}{4}-\frac{3}{4}=\frac{3^{61}-3}{4}\)