Phân tích đa thức sau thành nhân tử:
x4 + 4
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Ta có : \(x^4-5x^2+4\)
\(=x^4-x^2-4x^2+4\)
\(=x^2\left(x^2-1\right)-4\left(x^2-1\right)\)
\(=\left(x^2-1\right)\left(x^2-4\right)\)
\(=\left(x-1\right)\left(x+1\right)\left(x-2\right)\left(x+2\right)\)
Ta có: \(x^4-5x^2+4\)
\(=x^4-x^2-4x^2+4\)
\(=x^2\left(x^2-1\right)-4\left(x^2-1\right)\)
\(=\left(x^2-1\right)\left(x^2-4\right)\)
\(=\left(x-1\right)\left(x+1\right)\left(x-2\right)\left(x+2\right)\)
\(x^4+8x=x\left(x^3+8\right)=x\left(x+2\right)\left(x^2-2x+4\right)\)
\(x^4+2x^3+2x^2+2x+1\\ =\left(x^4+x^3\right)+\left(x^3+x^2\right)+\left(x^2+x\right)+\left(x+1\right)\\ =x^3\left(x+1\right)+x^2\left(x+1\right)+x\left(x+1\right)+\left(x+1\right)\\ =\left(x^3+x^2+x+1\right)\left(x+1\right)\\ =\left[\left(x^3+x^2\right)+\left(x+1\right)\right]\left(x+1\right)\\ =\left[x^2\left(x+1\right)+\left(x+1\right)\right]\left(x+1\right)\\ =\left(x^2+1\right)\left(x+1\right)^2\)
(a+b)3-(a-b)3=a3+3a2b+3ab2+b3-(a3-3a2b+3ab2-b3)
=a3+3a2b+3ab2+b3-a3+3a2b-3ab2+b3
=6a2b+2b3
Áp dụng hđt a3-b3=(a-b)(a2+ab+b2) ấy
\(\left(a+b\right)^3-\left(a-b\right)^3=\left[\left(a+b\right)-\left(a-b\right)\right]\left[\left(a+b\right)^2+\left(a+b\right)\left(a-b\right)+\left(a-b\right)^2\right]\)
\(=\left(a+b-a+b\right)\left(a^2+2ab+b^2+a^2-b^2+a^2-2ab+b^2\right)\)
\(=2b\left(3a^2+b^2\right)\)
\(x^3-x^2-21x+45\)
\(=\left(x^3-3x^2\right)+\left(2x^2-6x\right)+\left(-15x+45\right)\)
\(=x^2\left(x-3\right)+2x\left(x-3\right)-15\left(x-3\right)\)
\(=\left(x^2+2x-15\right)\left(x-3\right)\)
\(=\left[\left(x^2-3x\right)+\left(5x-15\right)\right]\left(x-3\right)\)
\(=\left[x\left(x-3\right)+5\left(x-3\right)\right]\left(x-3\right)\)
\(=\left(x+5\right)\left(x-3\right)^2\)
Đặt \(x^2+x+1=t\)
\(\left(x^2+x+1\right)\left(x^2+x+2\right)-12=t\left(t+1\right)-12=t^2+t-12=\left(t^2+t+\dfrac{1}{4}\right)-\dfrac{49}{4}=\left(t+\dfrac{1}{2}\right)^2-\left(\dfrac{7}{2}\right)^2=\left(t+\dfrac{1}{2}-\dfrac{7}{2}\right)\left(t+\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{7}{2}\right)=\left(t-3\right)\left(t+4\right)=\left(x^2+x-2\right)\left(x^2+x+5\right)\)
\(\left(x^2+x+1\right)\left(x^2+x+2\right)-12\)
= \(\left(x^2+x+1\right)\left[\left(x^2+x+1\right)+1\right]-12\)
= \(\left(x^2+x+1\right)^2\left(x^2+x+1\right)-12\)
= \(\left(x^2+x+1\right)\left(x^2+x+1\right)-3\left(x^2+x+1\right)+4\left(x^2+x+1\right)-4.3\)
= \(\left(x^2+x+1\right)\left(x^2+x-2\right)+4\left(x^2+x-2\right)\)
= \(\left(x^2+x+5\right)\left(x^2+x-2\right)\)
\(=1\left(x^4+4\right)\)
Ta có \(x^4+4=\left(x^2\right)^2+2^2=\left(x^2+2\right)^2-2.x^2.2=\left(x^2+2\right)^2-\left(2x\right)^2\)
\(=\left(x^2+2x+2\right)\left(x^2-2x+2\right)\)