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Bài 1:
\(a,\)
\(P=2\left(2x-1\right)^2-\left(x+1\right)^2+3\)
\(=2\left(4x^2-4x+1\right)-\left(x^2+2x+1\right)+3\)
\(=8x^2-8x+2-x^2-2x-1+3\)
\(=7x^2-10x+4\)
\(=7\left(x^2-\dfrac{10}{7}x+\dfrac{4}{7}\right)\)
\(=7\left[x^2-2.x.\dfrac{5}{7}+\left(\dfrac{5}{7}\right)^2-\left(\dfrac{5}{7}\right)^2+\dfrac{4}{7}\right]\)
\(=7\left[\left(x-\dfrac{5}{7}\right)^2+\dfrac{3}{49}\right]\)
\(=7\left(x-\dfrac{5}{7}\right)^2+\dfrac{3}{7}\)
Vì \(7\left(x-\dfrac{5}{7}\right)^2\ge0\forall x\)
\(\Rightarrow7\left(x-\dfrac{5}{7}\right)^2+\dfrac{3}{7}\ge\dfrac{3}{7}\forall x\)
\(\Rightarrow P_{min}=\dfrac{3}{7}\Leftrightarrow7\left(x-\dfrac{5}{7}\right)^2=0\Leftrightarrow x=\dfrac{5}{7}\)
\(b,\)
\(Q=3\left(x+2\right)^2-\left(x-2\right)\left(x+2\right)\)
\(=3\left(x^2+4x+4\right)-\left(x^2-4\right)\)
\(=3x^2+12x+12-x^2+4\)
\(=2x^2+12x+16\)
\(=2\left(x^2+6x+8\right)\)
\(=2\left(x^2+6x+9-1\right)\)
\(=2\left[\left(x+3\right)^2-1\right]\)
\(=2\left(x+3\right)^2-2\)
Vì \(2\left(x+3\right)^2\ge0\forall x\)
\(\Rightarrow2\left(x+3\right)^2-2\ge-2\forall x\)
\(\Rightarrow Q_{min}=-2\Leftrightarrow2\left(x+3\right)^2=0\Leftrightarrow x=-3\)
\(c,\)
Tương tự: \(M=\left(x+1\right)^3-\left(x-2\right)^3-5\)
\(=9x^2-9x+4\)
\(=9\left(x^2-x+\dfrac{4}{9}\right)\)
\(=9\left[x^2-2.x.\dfrac{1}{2}+\left(\dfrac{1}{2}\right)^2-\left(\dfrac{1}{2}\right)^2+\dfrac{4}{9}\right]\)
\(=9\left[\left(x-\dfrac{1}{2}\right)^2+\dfrac{7}{36}\right]\)
\(=9\left(x-\dfrac{1}{2}\right)^2+\dfrac{7}{4}\)
Ta có: \(9\left(x-\dfrac{1}{2}\right)^2+\dfrac{7}{4}\ge\dfrac{7}{4}\forall x\)
\(\Rightarrow M_{min}=\dfrac{7}{4}\Leftrightarrow9\left(x-\dfrac{1}{2}\right)^2=0\Leftrightarrow x=\dfrac{1}{2}\)
Bài 2:
\(a,\)
\(M=-3x^2-4x+1\)
\(=-3\left(x^2+\dfrac{4}{3}x-\dfrac{1}{3}\right)\)
\(=-3\left[x^2+2.x.\dfrac{2}{3}+\left(\dfrac{2}{3}\right)^2-\left(\dfrac{2}{3}\right)^2-\dfrac{1}{3}\right]\)
\(=-3\left[\left(x+\dfrac{2}{3}\right)^2-\dfrac{7}{9}\right]\)
\(=-3\left(x+\dfrac{2}{3}\right)^2+\dfrac{7}{3}\)
Ta có: \(-3\left(x+\dfrac{2}{3}\right)^2\le\dfrac{7}{3}\forall x\)
\(\Rightarrow M_{max}=\dfrac{7}{3}\Leftrightarrow-3\left(x+\dfrac{2}{3}\right)^2=0\Leftrightarrow x=-\dfrac{2}{3}\)
\(b,\)
\(Q=\left(x+2\right)^2-3\left(x-1\right)^2+3\)
\(=-2x^2+10x+4\)
\(=-2\left(x^2-5x-2\right)\)
\(=-2\left[\left(x-\dfrac{5}{2}\right)^2-\dfrac{33}{4}\right]\)
\(=-2\left(x-\dfrac{5}{2}\right)^2+\dfrac{33}{2}\)
Tương tự, \(Q_{max}=\dfrac{33}{2}\Leftrightarrow x=\dfrac{5}{2}\)
\(c,\)
\(P=\left(x-1\right)\left(x+2\right)-2\left(x+3\right)^2\)
\(=-x^2-11x-20\)
\(=-\left(x^2+11x+20\right)\)
\(=-\left(x+\dfrac{11}{2}\right)^2+\dfrac{41}{4}\)
Tương tự, \(Q_{max}=\dfrac{41}{4}\Leftrightarrow x=-\dfrac{11}{2}\)
2:
a: =-3(x^2+4/3x-1/3)
=-3*(x^2+2*x*2/3+4/9-7/9)
=-3(x+2/3)^2+7/3<=7/3
Dấu = xảy ra khi x=-2/3
b: =x^2+4x+4-3x^2+6x-3+3
=-2x^2+10x+4
=-2(x^2-5x-2)
=-2(x^2-5x+25/4-33/4)
=-2(x-5/2)^2+33/2<=33/2
Dấu = xảy ra khi x=5/2
c: =x^2+x-2-2x^2-12x-18
=-x^2-11x-20
=-(x^2+11x+20)
=-(x^2+11x+121/4-41/4)
=-(x+11/2)^2+41/4<=41/4
Dấu = xảy ra khi x=-11/2