Question

[Lê Quỳnh Anh]

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

Cooperation is the common endeavor of two or more people to perform a task or reach a jointly cherished goal. Like competition and conflict, there are different forms of cooperation, based on group organization and attitudes.

In the first form, known as primary cooperation, group and individual fuse. The group contains nearly all of each individual’s life. The rewards of the group’s work are shared with each member. There is an interlocking identity of individual, group and task performed. Means and goals become one, for cooperation itself is valued.

While primary cooperation is most often characteristic of preliterate societies, secondary cooperation is characteristic of many modem societies. In secondary cooperation, individuals devote only part of their lives to the group. Cooperation itself is not a value. Most members of the group feel loyalty, but the welfare of the group is not the first consideration. Members perform tasks so that they can separately enjoy the fruits of their cooperation in the form of salary, prestige, or power. Business offices and professional athletic teams are examples of secondary cooperation.

In the third type, called tertiary cooperation or accommodation, latent conflict underlies the shared work. The attitudes of the cooperating parties are purely opportunistic: the organization is loose and fragile. Accommodation involves common means to achieve antagonistic goals: it breaks down when the common means cease to aid each party in reaching its goals. This is not, strictly speaking, cooperation at all, and hence the somewhat contradictory term antagonistic cooperation is sometimes used for this relationship.

According to the passage, why do people join groups that practice secondary cooperation?

A. To experience the satisfaction of cooperation

B. To associate with people who have similar backgrounds

C. To get rewards for themselves

D. To defeat a common enemy

Answer 1

[Dương Hoàn Anh]

Đáp án C

Keyword: why, secondary cooperation

Clue: “Members perform tasks so that they can separately enjoy the fruits of their cooperation in the form of salary, prestige, or power”: Các thành viên thực hiện các nhiệm vụ để họ có thể từng người tận hưởng thành quả của sự hợp tác đó dưới dạng tiền lương, sự uy tín, hoặc uy quyền.

Xét các đáp án:

A. To experience the satisfaction of cooperation: Nhằm trải nghiệm sự hài lòng của sự hợp tác

B. To associate with people who have similar backgrounds: Nhằm liên kết với những người có cùng xuất thân, trình độ

C. To get rewards for themselves: Nhằm lấy phần thưởng cho chính bản thân họ

D. To defeat a common enemy: Nhằm đánh bại một kẻ thù chung

Đọc manh mối thấy rằng dạng thứ hai của hợp tác là dành cho những người hợp tác vì kết quả, thành quả lao động. Như vậy ta chọn C.