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Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 51 to 60.

As many as one thousand years ago in the Southwest, the Hopi and Zuni Indians of North America were building with adobe-sun-baked brick plastered with mud. Their homes looked remarkably like

modem apartment houscs. Some were four stories high and contained quarters for perhaps a thousand people, along with storerooms for grain and other goods. These buildings were usually put up against cliffs, both to make construction easier and for defense against enemies. They were really villages in themselves, as later Spanish explorers must have realized since they called them “pueblos”, which is Spanish for towns. The people of the pueblos raised what are called the three sisterscom, beans, and squash. They made excellent pottery and wove marvelous baskets, some so fine that they could hold water. The Southwest has ahvays been a dry country, where water is scarce. The Hopi and Zuni brought water from streams to their fields and gardens through irrigation ditches. Water was so important that it played a major role in theừ religion. They developed elaborate ceremonies and religious rituals to bring rain. The way of life of less - settled groups was simpler and more strongly influenced by nature. Small tribes such as the Shoshone and Ute wandered the dry and mountainous lands between the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Ocean. They gathered seeds and hunted small animals such as rabbits and snakes. In the Far North the ancestors of today’s Inuit hunted seals, walruses, and the great whales. They lived right on the frozen seas in shelters called igloos built of blocks of packed snow. When sumnier came, they fished for salmon and hunted the lordly caribou. The Cheyenne, Pawnee and Sioux tribes, known as the Plains Indians, lived on the grasslands between the Rocky Mountains and the Mississippi River. They hunted bison, commonly called the buffalo. Its meat was the chief food of these tribes, and its hide was used to make theừ clothing and the covering of their tents and tips.

Question:Which of the foilowing animals was the most important to the Plains Indians?

 

A. The buffalo

B. The salmon

C.The caribou

D.The Seal

1
24 tháng 6 2017

Đáp án là A. Ý trong bài: They hunted bison, commonly called the buffalo. Its meat was the chief food of these tribes, and its hide was used to make theữ clothing and the covering of their tents and tips.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 51 to 60.As many as one thousand years ago in the Southwest, the Hopi and Zuni Indians of North America were building with adobe-sun-baked brick plastered with mud. Their homes looked remarkably likemodem apartment houscs. Some were four stories high and contained quarters for perhaps a thousand people, along with storerooms for grain and other goods....
Đọc tiếp

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 51 to 60.

As many as one thousand years ago in the Southwest, the Hopi and Zuni Indians of North America were building with adobe-sun-baked brick plastered with mud. Their homes looked remarkably like

modem apartment houscs. Some were four stories high and contained quarters for perhaps a thousand people, along with storerooms for grain and other goods. These buildings were usually put up against cliffs, both to make construction easier and for defense against enemies. They were really villages in themselves, as later Spanish explorers must have realized since they called them “pueblos”, which is Spanish for towns. The people of the pueblos raised what are called the three sisterscom, beans, and squash. They made excellent pottery and wove marvelous baskets, some so fine that they could hold water. The Southwest has ahvays been a dry country, where water is scarce. The Hopi and Zuni brought water from streams to their fields and gardens through irrigation ditches. Water was so important that it played a major role in theừ religion. They developed elaborate ceremonies and religious rituals to bring rain. The way of life of less - settled groups was simpler and more strongly influenced by nature. Small tribes such as the Shoshone and Ute wandered the dry and mountainous lands between the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Ocean. They gathered seeds and hunted small animals such as rabbits and snakes. In the Far North the ancestors of today’s Inuit hunted seals, walruses, and the great whales. They lived right on the frozen seas in shelters called igloos built of blocks of packed snow. When sumnier came, they fished for salmon and hunted the lordly caribou. The Cheyenne, Pawnee and Sioux tribes, known as the Plains Indians, lived on the grasslands between the Rocky Mountains and the Mississippi River. They hunted bison, commonly called the buffalo. Its meat was the chief food of these tribes, and its hide was used to make theừ clothing and the covering of their tents and tips.

Question:According to the passage, the Hopi and Zuni typically built their homes________.

A. against cliffs

B.next to streams

C. in valleys

D. on open plains

1
18 tháng 1 2019

Đáp án là A. Dựa vào ý: These buildings were usually put up against cliffs, both to make construction easier and for defense against enemies.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 51 to 60.As many as one thousand years ago in the Southwest, the Hopi and Zuni Indians of North America were building with adobe-sun-baked brick plastered with mud. Their homes looked remarkably likemodem apartment houscs. Some were four stories high and contained quarters for perhaps a thousand people, along with storerooms for grain and other goods....
Đọc tiếp

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 51 to 60.

As many as one thousand years ago in the Southwest, the Hopi and Zuni Indians of North America were building with adobe-sun-baked brick plastered with mud. Their homes looked remarkably like

modem apartment houscs. Some were four stories high and contained quarters for perhaps a thousand people, along with storerooms for grain and other goods. These buildings were usually put up against cliffs, both to make construction easier and for defense against enemies. They were really villages in themselves, as later Spanish explorers must have realized since they called them “pueblos”, which is Spanish for towns. The people of the pueblos raised what are called the three sisterscom, beans, and squash. They made excellent pottery and wove marvelous baskets, some so fine that they could hold water. The Southwest has ahvays been a dry country, where water is scarce. The Hopi and Zuni brought water from streams to their fields and gardens through irrigation ditches. Water was so important that it played a major role in theừ religion. They developed elaborate ceremonies and religious rituals to bring rain. The way of life of less - settled groups was simpler and more strongly influenced by nature. Small tribes such as the Shoshone and Ute wandered the dry and mountainous lands between the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Ocean. They gathered seeds and hunted small animals such as rabbits and snakes. In the Far North the ancestors of today’s Inuit hunted seals, walruses, and the great whales. They lived right on the frozen seas in shelters called igloos built of blocks of packed snow. When sumnier came, they fished for salmon and hunted the lordly caribou. The Cheyenne, Pawnee and Sioux tribes, known as the Plains Indians, lived on the grasslands between the Rocky Mountains and the Mississippi River. They hunted bison, commonly called the buffalo. Its meat was the chief food of these tribes, and its hide was used to make theừ clothing and the covering of their tents and tips.

Question:According to the passage, which of the following ừibes lived in the grasslands?

A. The Shoshone and Ute

B. The Pawnee find Inuit

C. The Cheyenne

D. The Hopi and Zuni

1
1 tháng 3 2017

Đáp án là C. Ý trong bài: The Cheyenne, Pawnee and Sioux tribes, known as the Plains Indians, lived on the grasslands between the Rocky Mountains and the Mississippi River

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 51 to 60.As many as one thousand years ago in the Southwest, the Hopi and Zuni Indians of North America were building with adobe-sun-baked brick plastered with mud. Their homes looked remarkably likemodem apartment houscs. Some were four stories high and contained quarters for perhaps a thousand people, along with storerooms for grain and other goods....
Đọc tiếp

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 51 to 60.

As many as one thousand years ago in the Southwest, the Hopi and Zuni Indians of North America were building with adobe-sun-baked brick plastered with mud. Their homes looked remarkably like

modem apartment houscs. Some were four stories high and contained quarters for perhaps a thousand people, along with storerooms for grain and other goods. These buildings were usually put up against cliffs, both to make construction easier and for defense against enemies. They were really villages in themselves, as later Spanish explorers must have realized since they called them “pueblos”, which is Spanish for towns. The people of the pueblos raised what are called the three sisterscom, beans, and squash. They made excellent pottery and wove marvelous baskets, some so fine that they could hold water. The Southwest has ahvays been a dry country, where water is scarce. The Hopi and Zuni brought water from streams to their fields and gardens through irrigation ditches. Water was so important that it played a major role in theừ religion. They developed elaborate ceremonies and religious rituals to bring rain. The way of life of less - settled groups was simpler and more strongly influenced by nature. Small tribes such as the Shoshone and Ute wandered the dry and mountainous lands between the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Ocean. They gathered seeds and hunted small animals such as rabbits and snakes. In the Far North the ancestors of today’s Inuit hunted seals, walruses, and the great whales. They lived right on the frozen seas in shelters called igloos built of blocks of packed snow. When sumnier came, they fished for salmon and hunted the lordly caribou. The Cheyenne, Pawnee and Sioux tribes, known as the Plains Indians, lived on the grasslands between the Rocky Mountains and the Mississippi River. They hunted bison, commonly called the buffalo. Its meat was the chief food of these tribes, and its hide was used to make theừ clothing and the covering of their tents and tips.

Question:The author groups North American Indians according to their________.

A. arts and crafts

B. date of appearance on the continent

C. tribes and geographical regions

D. rituals and ceremonies

1
30 tháng 6 2019

Đáp án là C. tribes and geographical regions (các bộ tộc và khu vực địa lý) . Phần đề cập đến ý này: In the Far North the ancestors of today’s Inuit hunted seals, walruses, and the great whales. They lived right on the frozen seas in shelters called igloos built of blocks of packed snow. ... The Cheyenne, Pawnee and Sioux tribes, known as the Plains fndians, lived on the grasslands between the Rocky Mountains and the Mississippi River .”

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 51 to 60.As many as one thousand years ago in the Southwest, the Hopi and Zuni Indians of North America were building with adobe-sun-baked brick plastered with mud. Their homes looked remarkably likemodem apartment houscs. Some were four stories high and contained quarters for perhaps a thousand people, along with storerooms for grain and other goods....
Đọc tiếp

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 51 to 60.

As many as one thousand years ago in the Southwest, the Hopi and Zuni Indians of North America were building with adobe-sun-baked brick plastered with mud. Their homes looked remarkably like

modem apartment houscs. Some were four stories high and contained quarters for perhaps a thousand people, along with storerooms for grain and other goods. These buildings were usually put up against cliffs, both to make construction easier and for defense against enemies. They were really villages in themselves, as later Spanish explorers must have realized since they called them “pueblos”, which is Spanish for towns. The people of the pueblos raised what are called the three sisterscom, beans, and squash. They made excellent pottery and wove marvelous baskets, some so fine that they could hold water. The Southwest has ahvays been a dry country, where water is scarce. The Hopi and Zuni brought water from streams to their fields and gardens through irrigation ditches. Water was so important that it played a major role in theừ religion. They developed elaborate ceremonies and religious rituals to bring rain. The way of life of less - settled groups was simpler and more strongly influenced by nature. Small tribes such as the Shoshone and Ute wandered the dry and mountainous lands between the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Ocean. They gathered seeds and hunted small animals such as rabbits and snakes. In the Far North the ancestors of today’s Inuit hunted seals, walruses, and the great whales. They lived right on the frozen seas in shelters called igloos built of blocks of packed snow. When sumnier came, they fished for salmon and hunted the lordly caribou. The Cheyenne, Pawnee and Sioux tribes, known as the Plains Indians, lived on the grasslands between the Rocky Mountains and the Mississippi River. They hunted bison, commonly called the buffalo. Its meat was the chief food of these tribes, and its hide was used to make theừ clothing and the covering of their tents and tips.

Question:The author gives an explanation for all of the following words EXCEPT________.

A. bison

B. pueblos

C.adobe

D.Caribou

1
4 tháng 8 2018

A được giải thích : bison, commonly called the buffalo

B được giải thích : ... “pueblos”, which is Spanish for towns

C được giải thích: ... adobe -sun-baked brick plastered with mud

D là đáp án đúng, vì caribou chỉ được đề cập mà không được giải thích nghĩa.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 51 to 60.As many as one thousand years ago in the Southwest, the Hopi and Zuni Indians of North America were building with adobe-sun-baked brick plastered with mud. Their homes looked remarkably likemodem apartment houscs. Some were four stories high and contained quarters for perhaps a thousand people, along with storerooms for grain and other goods....
Đọc tiếp

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 51 to 60.

As many as one thousand years ago in the Southwest, the Hopi and Zuni Indians of North America were building with adobe-sun-baked brick plastered with mud. Their homes looked remarkably like

modem apartment houscs. Some were four stories high and contained quarters for perhaps a thousand people, along with storerooms for grain and other goods. These buildings were usually put up against cliffs, both to make construction easier and for defense against enemies. They were really villages in themselves, as later Spanish explorers must have realized since they called them “pueblos”, which is Spanish for towns. The people of the pueblos raised what are called the three sisterscom, beans, and squash. They made excellent pottery and wove marvelous baskets, some so fine that they could hold water. The Southwest has ahvays been a dry country, where water is scarce. The Hopi and Zuni brought water from streams to their fields and gardens through irrigation ditches. Water was so important that it played a major role in theừ religion. They developed elaborate ceremonies and religious rituals to bring rain. The way of life of less - settled groups was simpler and more strongly influenced by nature. Small tribes such as the Shoshone and Ute wandered the dry and mountainous lands between the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Ocean. They gathered seeds and hunted small animals such as rabbits and snakes. In the Far North the ancestors of today’s Inuit hunted seals, walruses, and the great whales. They lived right on the frozen seas in shelters called igloos built of blocks of packed snow. When sumnier came, they fished for salmon and hunted the lordly caribou. The Cheyenne, Pawnee and Sioux tribes, known as the Plains Indians, lived on the grasslands between the Rocky Mountains and the Mississippi River. They hunted bison, commonly called the buffalo. Its meat was the chief food of these tribes, and its hide was used to make theừ clothing and the covering of their tents and tips.

Question:Which of the foilowing is true of the Shoshone and Ute?

A.  They hunted caribou.

B.  They did not have many religious ceremonies.

C. They were not as settled as the Hopi and Zuni.

D. They built their homes with adobe.

1
22 tháng 9 2019

Đáp án là C. Dựa vào ý: “Small tribes such as the Shoshone and Ute wandered the dry and mountainous lands between the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Ocean.” ( ... lang thang các vùng đất khô và miền núi từ dãy núi Rocky và Thái Bình Dưomg.)

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 51 to 60.As many as one thousand years ago in the Southwest, the Hopi and Zuni Indians of North America were building with adobe-sun-baked brick plastered with mud. Their homes looked remarkably likemodem apartment houscs. Some were four stories high and contained quarters for perhaps a thousand people, along with storerooms for grain and other goods....
Đọc tiếp

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 51 to 60.

As many as one thousand years ago in the Southwest, the Hopi and Zuni Indians of North America were building with adobe-sun-baked brick plastered with mud. Their homes looked remarkably like

modem apartment houscs. Some were four stories high and contained quarters for perhaps a thousand people, along with storerooms for grain and other goods. These buildings were usually put up against cliffs, both to make construction easier and for defense against enemies. They were really villages in themselves, as later Spanish explorers must have realized since they called them “pueblos”, which is Spanish for towns. The people of the pueblos raised what are called the three sisterscom, beans, and squash. They made excellent pottery and wove marvelous baskets, some so fine that they could hold water. The Southwest has ahvays been a dry country, where water is scarce. The Hopi and Zuni brought water from streams to their fields and gardens through irrigation ditches. Water was so important that it played a major role in theừ religion. They developed elaborate ceremonies and religious rituals to bring rain. The way of life of less - settled groups was simpler and more strongly influenced by nature. Small tribes such as the Shoshone and Ute wandered the dry and mountainous lands between the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Ocean. They gathered seeds and hunted small animals such as rabbits and snakes. In the Far North the ancestors of today’s Inuit hunted seals, walruses, and the great whales. They lived right on the frozen seas in shelters called igloos built of blocks of packed snow. When sumnier came, they fished for salmon and hunted the lordly caribou. The Cheyenne, Pawnee and Sioux tribes, known as the Plains Indians, lived on the grasslands between the Rocky Mountains and the Mississippi River. They hunted bison, commonly called the buffalo. Its meat was the chief food of these tribes, and its hide was used to make theừ clothing and the covering of their tents and tips.

Question:The author uses the phrase “the three sisters” refers to________.

A. important crops

B.rain ceremonies

C. family members

D. Hopi women

1
21 tháng 2 2018

Đáp án là A. “the three sisters”- com, beans, and squash ( ngô, đậu và bí)

 Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 51 to 60.As many as one thousand years ago in the Southwest, the Hopi and Zuni Indians of North America were building with adobe-sun-baked brick plastered with mud. Their homes looked remarkably likemodem apartment houscs. Some were four stories high and contained quarters for perhaps a thousand people, along with storerooms for grain and other goods....
Đọc tiếp

 Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 51 to 60.

As many as one thousand years ago in the Southwest, the Hopi and Zuni Indians of North America were building with adobe-sun-baked brick plastered with mud. Their homes looked remarkably like

modem apartment houscs. Some were four stories high and contained quarters for perhaps a thousand people, along with storerooms for grain and other goods. These buildings were usually put up against cliffs, both to make construction easier and for defense against enemies. They were really villages in themselves, as later Spanish explorers must have realized since they called them “pueblos”, which is Spanish for towns. The people of the pueblos raised what are called the three sisterscom, beans, and squash. They made excellent pottery and wove marvelous baskets, some so fine that they could hold water. The Southwest has ahvays been a dry country, where water is scarce. The Hopi and Zuni brought water from streams to their fields and gardens through irrigation ditches. Water was so important that it played a major role in theừ religion. They developed elaborate ceremonies and religious rituals to bring rain. The way of life of less - settled groups was simpler and more strongly influenced by nature. Small tribes such as the Shoshone and Ute wandered the dry and mountainous lands between the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Ocean. They gathered seeds and hunted small animals such as rabbits and snakes. In the Far North the ancestors of today’s Inuit hunted seals, walruses, and the great whales. They lived right on the frozen seas in shelters called igloos built of blocks of packed snow. When sumnier came, they fished for salmon and hunted the lordly caribou. The Cheyenne, Pawnee and Sioux tribes, known as the Plains Indians, lived on the grasslands between the Rocky Mountains and the Mississippi River. They hunted bison, commonly called the buffalo. Its meat was the chief food of these tribes, and its hide was used to make theừ clothing and the covering of their tents and tips.

Question:What does the passage mainly discuss?

A.  The way of life of American Indian tribes in early North America

B.  Ceremonies and rituals of American Indians

C. The architecture of early America Indian buildings

D. The movement of American Indians across North America

1
12 tháng 9 2017

Đáp án là A. The way of life of American Indian tribes in early North America (Cách sóng của bộ lạc da đỏ ở đầu Bắc Mỹ)

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 51 to 60.As many as one thousand years ago in the Southwest, the Hopi and Zuni Indians of North America were building with adobe-sun-baked brick plastered with mud. Their homes looked remarkably likemodem apartment houscs. Some were four stories high and contained quarters for perhaps a thousand people, along with storerooms for grain and other goods....
Đọc tiếp

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 51 to 60.

As many as one thousand years ago in the Southwest, the Hopi and Zuni Indians of North America were building with adobe-sun-baked brick plastered with mud. Their homes looked remarkably like

modem apartment houscs. Some were four stories high and contained quarters for perhaps a thousand people, along with storerooms for grain and other goods. These buildings were usually put up against cliffs, both to make construction easier and for defense against enemies. They were really villages in themselves, as later Spanish explorers must have realized since they called them “pueblos”, which is Spanish for towns. The people of the pueblos raised what are called the three sisterscom, beans, and squash. They made excellent pottery and wove marvelous baskets, some so fine that they could hold water. The Southwest has ahvays been a dry country, where water is scarce. The Hopi and Zuni brought water from streams to their fields and gardens through irrigation ditches. Water was so important that it played a major role in theừ religion. They developed elaborate ceremonies and religious rituals to bring rain. The way of life of less - settled groups was simpler and more strongly influenced by nature. Small tribes such as the Shoshone and Ute wandered the dry and mountainous lands between the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Ocean. They gathered seeds and hunted small animals such as rabbits and snakes. In the Far North the ancestors of today’s Inuit hunted seals, walruses, and the great whales. They lived right on the frozen seas in shelters called igloos built of blocks of packed snow. When sumnier came, they fished for salmon and hunted the lordly caribou. The Cheyenne, Pawnee and Sioux tribes, known as the Plains Indians, lived on the grasslands between the Rocky Mountains and the Mississippi River. They hunted bison, commonly called the buffalo. Its meat was the chief food of these tribes, and its hide was used to make theừ clothing and the covering of their tents and tips.

Question:The word “They” refers to________.

A. cliffs

B.goods

C.enemies

D. buildings

1
21 tháng 3 2018

Đáp án là D. they = buildings: công trình xây dựng

Nghĩa các từ khác: cliff: vách đá; goods: hàng hóa; enemy: kẻ thù

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 51 to 60.As many as one thousand years ago in the Southwest, the Hopi and Zuni Indians of North America were building with adobe-sun-baked brick plastered with mud. Their homes looked remarkably likemodem apartment houscs. Some were four stories high and contained quarters for perhaps a thousand people, along with storerooms for grain and other goods....
Đọc tiếp

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 51 to 60.

As many as one thousand years ago in the Southwest, the Hopi and Zuni Indians of North America were building with adobe-sun-baked brick plastered with mud. Their homes looked remarkably like

modem apartment houscs. Some were four stories high and contained quarters for perhaps a thousand people, along with storerooms for grain and other goods. These buildings were usually put up against cliffs, both to make construction easier and for defense against enemies. They were really villages in themselves, as later Spanish explorers must have realized since they called them “pueblos”, which is Spanish for towns. The people of the pueblos raised what are called the three sisterscom, beans, and squash. They made excellent pottery and wove marvelous baskets, some so fine that they could hold water. The Southwest has ahvays been a dry country, where water is scarce. The Hopi and Zuni brought water from streams to their fields and gardens through irrigation ditches. Water was so important that it played a major role in theừ religion. They developed elaborate ceremonies and religious rituals to bring rain. The way of life of less - settled groups was simpler and more strongly influenced by nature. Small tribes such as the Shoshone and Ute wandered the dry and mountainous lands between the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Ocean. They gathered seeds and hunted small animals such as rabbits and snakes. In the Far North the ancestors of today’s Inuit hunted seals, walruses, and the great whales. They lived right on the frozen seas in shelters called igloos built of blocks of packed snow. When sumnier came, they fished for salmon and hunted the lordly caribou. The Cheyenne, Pawnee and Sioux tribes, known as the Plains Indians, lived on the grasslands between the Rocky Mountains and the Mississippi River. They hunted bison, commonly called the buffalo. Its meat was the chief food of these tribes, and its hide was used to make theừ clothing and the covering of their tents and tips.

Question:It can be inferred from the passage that the dwellings of the Hopi and Zuni were________.

A. quickly constmcted

B. difficult to defend

C. highly advanced

D. very small

1
31 tháng 1 2017

Đáp án là C. Dựa vào các ý: These buildings were usually put up against cliffs, both to make construction easier and for defense against enemies. They were really villages in themselves, as later Spanish explorers must have realized since they called them “pueblos”, which is Spanish for towns.”