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Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.

  Cooperation is the common endeavor of two or more people to perform a task or reach a jointly cherished goal. Like competition and conflict, there are different forms of cooperation, based on group organization and attitudes.

  In the first form, known as primary cooperation, group and individual fuse. The group contains nearly all of each individual’s life. The rewards of the group’s work are shared with each member. There is an interlocking identity of individual, group and task performed. Means and goals become one, for cooperation itself is valued. 

  While primary cooperation is most often characteristic of preliterature societies, secondary cooperation is characteristic of many modem societies. In secondary cooperation, individuals devote only part of their lives to the group. Cooperation itself is not a value. Most members of the group feel loyalty, but the welfare of the group is not the first consideration. Members perform tasks so that they can separately enjoy the fruits of their cooperation in the form of salary, prestige, or power. Business offices and professional athletic teams are examples of secondary cooperation.

          In the third type, called tertiary cooperation or accommodation, latent conflict underlies the shared work. The attitudes of the cooperating parties are purely opportunistic: the organization is loose and fragile. Accommodation involves common means to achieve antagonistic goals: it breaks down when the common means cease to aid each party in reaching its goals. This is not, strictly speaking, cooperation at all, and hence the somewhat contradictory term antagonistic cooperation is sometimes used for this relationship.

 

Which of the following is NOT given as a name for the third type of cooperation?

A. Accommodation

B. Latent conflict

C. Tertiary cooperation

D. Antagonistic cooperation

1
14 tháng 12 2017

Chọn B

Thông tin: In the third type, called tertiary cooperation or accommodation, latent conflict underlies the shared work ... This is not, strictly speaking, cooperation at all, and hence the somewhat contradictory term antagonistic cooperation is sometimes used for this relationship.

Dịch nghĩa: Trong loại thứ ba, gọi là hợp tác thứ ba hoặc sự thỏa thuận, xung đột tiềm ẩn là cơ sở cho công việc chung ... Đây không phải là, nói một cách nghiêm khắc, sự hợp tác một chút nào, và vì thế thuật ngữ hơi đối lập là hợp tác đối kháng thỉnh thoảng được dùng cho mối quan hệ này.

Như vậy “tertiary cooperation”, “accommodation” và “antagonistic cooperation” đều là tên gọi cho sự hợp tác loại 3. Chỉ có “latent conflict” là không phải, mà là sự giải thích về bản chất của loại hợp tác này.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.    Cooperation is the common endeavor of two or more people to perform a task or reach a jointly cherished goal. Like competition and conflict, there are different forms of cooperation, based on group organization and attitudes.    In the first form, known as primary cooperation, group and individual fuse. The group contains nearly all of each...
Đọc tiếp

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.

   Cooperation is the common endeavor of two or more people to perform a task or reach a jointly cherished goal. Like competition and conflict, there are different forms of cooperation, based on group organization and attitudes.

   In the first form, known as primary cooperation, group and individual fuse. The group contains nearly all of each individual’s life. The rewards of the group’s work are shared with each member. There is an interlocking identity of individual, group and task performed. Means and goals become one, for cooperation itself is valued.   

   While primary cooperation is most often characteristic of preliterature societies, secondary cooperation is characteristic of many modem societies. In secondary cooperation, individuals devote only part of their lives to the group. Cooperation itself is not a value. Most members of the group feel loyalty, but the welfare of the group is not the first consideration. Members perform tasks so that they can separately enjoy the fruits of their cooperation in the form of salary, prestige, or power. Business offices and professional athletic teams are examples of secondary cooperation.

   In the third type, called tertiary cooperation or accommodation, latent conflict underlies the shared work. The attitudes of the cooperating parties are purely opportunistic: the organization is loose and fragile. Accommodation involves common means to achieve antagonistic goals: it breaks down when the common means cease to aid each party in reaching its goals. This is not, strictly speaking, cooperation at all, and hence the somewhat contradictory term antagonistic cooperation is sometimes used for this relationship.

Which of the following is an example of the third form of cooperation as it is defined in the fourth paragraph?

A. Members of a farming community share work and the food that they grow

B. Two rival political parties temporarily work together to defeat a third party


          

C. Students form a study group so that all of them can improve their grades


          

D. A new business attempts to take customers away from an established company

1
22 tháng 7 2017

Đáp án B

Thông tin: In the third type, called tertiary cooperation or accommodation, latent conflict underlies the shared work. The attitudes of the cooperating parties are purely opportunistic: the organization is loose and fragile. Accommodation involves common means to achieve antagonistic goals; it breaks down when the common means cease to aid each party in reaching its goals.

Dịch nghĩa: Trong loại thứ ba, gọi là hợp tác thứ ba hoặc sự thỏa thuận, xung đột tiềm ẩn là cơ sở cho công việc chung. Thái độ của các bên hợp tác hoàn toàn mang tính cơ hội: tổ chức lỏng lẻo và dễ vỡ. Sự thỏa thuận liên quan đến phương tiện chung để đạt được các mục tiêu đối kháng: nó sụp đổ khi các phương tiện chung không còn hỗ trợ mỗi bên trong việc đạt được mục tiêu của mình.

Như vậy bản chất của hợp tác loại ba là hai bên vốn đối đầu nhau, nhưng tạm thời hợp tác để đạt được một mục tiêu chung, sau khi đạt được lại quay trở lại quan hệ ban đầu.

Phương án B. Two rival political parties temporarlly work together to defeat a third party = Hai đảng chính trị đối thủ tạm thời làm việc với nhau để đánh bại một bên thứ ba; là phương án chính xác nhất.

A. Members of a farming community share work and the food that they grow = Thành viên của một cộng đồng nông nghiệp chia sẻ công việc và thực phẩm mà họ trồng.

Đây là ví dụ của hợp tác cơ bản.

C. Students form a study group so that all of them can improve their grades = Học sinh tạo thành một nhóm nghiên cứu để tất cả trong số họ có thể cải thiện điểm số.

Đây là ví dụ của hợp tác thứ cấp.

D. A new business attempts to take customers away from an established company = Một doanh nghiệp mới cố gắng để đưa khách hàng đi từ một công ti đã thành lập.

Đây không phải ví dụ phù hợp cho bất cứ loại hợp tác nào được nhắc đến trong bài

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.  Cooperation is the common endeavor of two or more people to perform a task or reach a jointly cherished goal. Like competition and conflict, there are different forms of cooperation, based on group organization and attitudes.  In the first form, known as primary cooperation, group and individual fuse. The group contains nearly all of each...
Đọc tiếp

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.

  Cooperation is the common endeavor of two or more people to perform a task or reach a jointly cherished goal. Like competition and conflict, there are different forms of cooperation, based on group organization and attitudes.

  In the first form, known as primary cooperation, group and individual fuse. The group contains nearly all of each individual’s life. The rewards of the group’s work are shared with each member. There is an interlocking identity of individual, group and task performed. Means and goals become one, for cooperation itself is valued. 

  While primary cooperation is most often characteristic of preliterature societies, secondary cooperation is characteristic of many modem societies. In secondary cooperation, individuals devote only part of their lives to the group. Cooperation itself is not a value. Most members of the group feel loyalty, but the welfare of the group is not the first consideration. Members perform tasks so that they can separately enjoy the fruits of their cooperation in the form of salary, prestige, or power. Business offices and professional athletic teams are examples of secondary cooperation.

          In the third type, called tertiary cooperation or accommodation, latent conflict underlies the shared work. The attitudes of the cooperating parties are purely opportunistic: the organization is loose and fragile. Accommodation involves common means to achieve antagonistic goals: it breaks down when the common means cease to aid each party in reaching its goals. This is not, strictly speaking, cooperation at all, and hence the somewhat contradictory term antagonistic cooperation is sometimes used for this relationship.

 

Which of the following is an example of the third form of cooperation as it is defined in the fourth paragraph?

A. Members of a farming community share work and the food that they grow

B. Two rival political parties temporarily work together to defeat a third party

C. Students form a study group so that all of them can improve their grades

D. A new business attempts to take customers away from an established company

1
25 tháng 4 2018

Chọn B
Thông tin:
In the third type, called tertiary cooperation or accommodation, latent conflict underlies the shared work. The attitudes of the cooperating parties are purely opportunistic: the organization is loose and fragile. Accommodation involves common means to achieve antagonistic goals; it breaks down when the common means cease to aid each party in reaching its goals.

Dịch nghĩa: Trong loại thứ ba, gọi là hợp tác thứ ba hoặc sự thỏa thuận, xung đột tiềm ẩn là cơ sở cho công việc chung. Thái độ của các bên hợp tác hoàn toàn mang tính cơ hội: tổ chức lỏng lẻo và dễ vỡ. Sự thỏa thuận liên quan đến phương tiện chung để đạt được các mục tiêu đối kháng: nó sụp đổ khi các phương tiện chung không còn hỗ trợ mỗi bên trong việc đạt được mục tiêu của mình.

Như vậy bản chất của hợp tác loại ba là hai bên vốn đối đầu nhau, nhưng tạm thời hợp tác để đạt được một mục tiêu chung, sau khi đạt được lại quay trở lại quan hệ ban đầu.

Phương án B. Two rival political parties temporarlly work together to defeat a third party = Hai đảng chính trị đối thủ tạm thời làm việc với nhau để đánh bại một bên thứ ba; là phương án chính xác nhất.

A. Members of a farming community share work and the food that they grow = Thành viên của một cộng đồng nông nghiệp chia sẻ công việc và thực phẩm mà họ trồng.

Đây là ví dụ của hợp tác cơ bản.

C. Students form a study group so that all of them can improve their grades = Học sinh tạo thành một nhóm nghiên cứu để tất cả trong số họ có thể cải thiện điểm số.

Đây là ví dụ của hợp tác thứ cấp.

D. A new business attempts to take customers away from an established company = Một doanh nghiệp mới cố gắng để đưa khách hàng đi từ một công ti đã thành lập.

Đây không phải ví dụ phù hợp cho bất cứ loại hợp tác nào được nhắc đến trong bài

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.  Cooperation is the common endeavor of two or more people to perform a task or reach a jointly cherished goal. Like competition and conflict, there are different forms of cooperation, based on group organization and attitudes.  In the first form, known as primary cooperation, group and individual fuse. The group contains nearly all of each...
Đọc tiếp

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.

  Cooperation is the common endeavor of two or more people to perform a task or reach a jointly cherished goal. Like competition and conflict, there are different forms of cooperation, based on group organization and attitudes.

  In the first form, known as primary cooperation, group and individual fuse. The group contains nearly all of each individual’s life. The rewards of the group’s work are shared with each member. There is an interlocking identity of individual, group and task performed. Means and goals become one, for cooperation itself is valued. 

  While primary cooperation is most often characteristic of preliterature societies, secondary cooperation is characteristic of many modem societies. In secondary cooperation, individuals devote only part of their lives to the group. Cooperation itself is not a value. Most members of the group feel loyalty, but the welfare of the group is not the first consideration. Members perform tasks so that they can separately enjoy the fruits of their cooperation in the form of salary, prestige, or power. Business offices and professional athletic teams are examples of secondary cooperation.

          In the third type, called tertiary cooperation or accommodation, latent conflict underlies the shared work. The attitudes of the cooperating parties are purely opportunistic: the organization is loose and fragile. Accommodation involves common means to achieve antagonistic goals: it breaks down when the common means cease to aid each party in reaching its goals. This is not, strictly speaking, cooperation at all, and hence the somewhat contradictory term antagonistic cooperation is sometimes used for this relationship.

 

Which of the following statements about primary cooperation is supported by information in the passage?

A. It is an ideal that can never be achieved

B. It was confined to prehistoric times

C. It is usually the first stage of cooperation achieved by a group of individuals attempting to cooperate

D. It is most commonly seen among people who have not yet developed reading and writing skills

1
13 tháng 7 2018

Chọn D
Thông tin:
While primary cooperation is most often characteristic of preliterature societies,...

Dịch nghĩa: Trong khi sự hợp tác cơ bản là chủ yếu đặc trưng cho xã hội trước khi văn học ra đời,...

Như vậy có thể suy ra rằng hợp tác cơ bản diễn ra khi con người chưa có văn học, hay chính là chưa biết đọc biết viết.

Phương án D. It is most commonly seen among people who have not yet developed reading and writing skills = Nó thường được nhìn thấy trong số những người chưa phát triển kĩ năng đọc và viết; là phương án chính xác nhất.

A. It is an ideal that can never be achieved = Đó là một lí tưởng mà không bao giờ có thể đạt được.

Không có thông tin như vậy trong bài.

B. It was confined to prehistoric times = Nó được giới hạn trong thời tiền sử. Thông tin trong bài chỉ nói là thời kì trước khi có văn học, nghĩa là có thể bao gồm nhiều thời kì khác nhau chứ không nhất thiết chỉ có thời tiền sử.

C. It is usually the first stage of cooperation achieved by a group of individuals attempting to cooperate = Nó thường là giai đoạn đầu tiên của sự hợp tác đạt được bởi một nhóm các cá nhân cố gắng hợp tác.

Không có thông tin như vậy trong bài.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.    Cooperation is the common endeavor of two or more people to perform a task or reach a jointly cherished goal. Like competition and conflict, there are different forms of cooperation, based on group organization and attitudes.    In the first form, known as primary cooperation, group and individual fuse. The group contains nearly all of each...
Đọc tiếp

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.

   Cooperation is the common endeavor of two or more people to perform a task or reach a jointly cherished goal. Like competition and conflict, there are different forms of cooperation, based on group organization and attitudes.

   In the first form, known as primary cooperation, group and individual fuse. The group contains nearly all of each individual’s life. The rewards of the group’s work are shared with each member. There is an interlocking identity of individual, group and task performed. Means and goals become one, for cooperation itself is valued.   

   While primary cooperation is most often characteristic of preliterature societies, secondary cooperation is characteristic of many modem societies. In secondary cooperation, individuals devote only part of their lives to the group. Cooperation itself is not a value. Most members of the group feel loyalty, but the welfare of the group is not the first consideration. Members perform tasks so that they can separately enjoy the fruits of their cooperation in the form of salary, prestige, or power. Business offices and professional athletic teams are examples of secondary cooperation.

   In the third type, called tertiary cooperation or accommodation, latent conflict underlies the shared work. The attitudes of the cooperating parties are purely opportunistic: the organization is loose and fragile. Accommodation involves common means to achieve antagonistic goals: it breaks down when the common means cease to aid each party in reaching its goals. This is not, strictly speaking, cooperation at all, and hence the somewhat contradictory term antagonistic cooperation is sometimes used for this relationship.

Which of the following statements about primary cooperation is supported by information in the passage?

A. It is an ideal that can never be achieved

B. It was confined to prehistoric times

. It is usually the first stage of cooperation achieved by a group of individuals attempting to cooperate

D. It is most commonly seen among people who have not yet developed reading and writing skills

1
20 tháng 10 2017

Đáp án D

Thông tin: While primary cooperation is most often characteristic of preliterature societies,...

Dịch nghĩa: Trong khi sự hợp tác cơ bản là chủ yếu đặc trưng cho xã hội trước khi văn học ra đời,...

Như vậy có thể suy ra rằng hợp tác cơ bản diễn ra khi con người chưa có văn học, hay chính là chưa biết đọc biết viết.

Phương án D. It is most commonly seen among people who have not yet developed reading and writing skills = Nó thường được nhìn thấy trong số những người chưa phát triển kĩ năng đọc và viết; là phương án chính xác nhất.

A. It is an ideal that can never be achieved = Đó là một lí tưởng mà không bao giờ có thể đạt được.

Không có thông tin như vậy trong bài.

B. It was confined to prehistoric times = Nó được giới hạn trong thời tiền sử. Thông tin trong bài chỉ nói là thời kì trước khi có văn học, nghĩa là có thể bao gồm nhiều thời kì khác nhau chứ không nhất thiết chỉ có thời tiền sử.

C. It is usually the first stage of cooperation achieved by a group of individuals attempting to cooperate = Nó thường là giai đoạn đầu tiên của sự hợp tác đạt được bởi một nhóm các cá nhân cố gắng hợp tác.

Không có thông tin như vậy trong bài.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.    Cooperation is the common endeavor of two or more people to perform a task or reach a jointly cherished goal. Like competition and conflict, there are different forms of cooperation, based on group organization and attitudes.    In the first form, known as primary cooperation, group and individual fuse. The group contains nearly all of each...
Đọc tiếp

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.

   Cooperation is the common endeavor of two or more people to perform a task or reach a jointly cherished goal. Like competition and conflict, there are different forms of cooperation, based on group organization and attitudes.

   In the first form, known as primary cooperation, group and individual fuse. The group contains nearly all of each individual’s life. The rewards of the group’s work are shared with each member. There is an interlocking identity of individual, group and task performed. Means and goals become one, for cooperation itself is valued.   

   While primary cooperation is most often characteristic of preliterature societies, secondary cooperation is characteristic of many modem societies. In secondary cooperation, individuals devote only part of their lives to the group. Cooperation itself is not a value. Most members of the group feel loyalty, but the welfare of the group is not the first consideration. Members perform tasks so that they can separately enjoy the fruits of their cooperation in the form of salary, prestige, or power. Business offices and professional athletic teams are examples of secondary cooperation.

   In the third type, called tertiary cooperation or accommodation, latent conflict underlies the shared work. The attitudes of the cooperating parties are purely opportunistic: the organization is loose and fragile. Accommodation involves common means to achieve antagonistic goals: it breaks down when the common means cease to aid each party in reaching its goals. This is not, strictly speaking, cooperation at all, and hence the somewhat contradictory term antagonistic cooperation is sometimes used for this relationship.

Which of the following is NOT given as a name for the third type of cooperation?

A. Accommodation

B. Latent conflict

C. Tertiary cooperation

D. Antagonistic cooperation

1
25 tháng 4 2019

Đáp án B

Thông tin: In the third type, called tertiary cooperation or accommodation, latent conflict underlies the shared work ... This is not, strictly speaking, cooperation at all, and hence the somewhat contradictory term antagonistic cooperation is sometimes used for this relationship.

Dịch nghĩa: Trong loại thứ ba, gọi là hợp tác thứ ba hoặc sự thỏa thuận, xung đột tiềm ẩn là cơ sở cho công việc chung ... Đây không phải là, nói một cách nghiêm khắc, sự hợp tác một chút nào, và vì thế thuật ngữ hơi đối lập là hợp tác đối kháng thỉnh thoảng được dùng cho mối quan hệ này.

Như vậy “tertiary cooperation”, “accommodation” và “antagonistic cooperation” đều là tên gọi cho sự hợp tác loại 3. Chỉ có “latent conflict” là không phải, mà là sự giải thích về bản chất của loại hợp tác này.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.  Cooperation is the common endeavor of two or more people to perform a task or reach a jointly cherished goal. Like competition and conflict, there are different forms of cooperation, based on group organization and attitudes.  In the first form, known as primary cooperation, group and individual fuse. The group contains nearly all of each...
Đọc tiếp

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.

  Cooperation is the common endeavor of two or more people to perform a task or reach a jointly cherished goal. Like competition and conflict, there are different forms of cooperation, based on group organization and attitudes.

  In the first form, known as primary cooperation, group and individual fuse. The group contains nearly all of each individual’s life. The rewards of the group’s work are shared with each member. There is an interlocking identity of individual, group and task performed. Means and goals become one, for cooperation itself is valued. 

  While primary cooperation is most often characteristic of preliterature societies, secondary cooperation is characteristic of many modem societies. In secondary cooperation, individuals devote only part of their lives to the group. Cooperation itself is not a value. Most members of the group feel loyalty, but the welfare of the group is not the first consideration. Members perform tasks so that they can separately enjoy the fruits of their cooperation in the form of salary, prestige, or power. Business offices and professional athletic teams are examples of secondary cooperation.

          In the third type, called tertiary cooperation or accommodation, latent conflict underlies the shared work. The attitudes of the cooperating parties are purely opportunistic: the organization is loose and fragile. Accommodation involves common means to achieve antagonistic goals: it breaks down when the common means cease to aid each party in reaching its goals. This is not, strictly speaking, cooperation at all, and hence the somewhat contradictory term antagonistic cooperation is sometimes used for this relationship.

 

According to the passage, why do people join groups that practice secondary cooperation?

A. To get rewards for themselves

B. To defeat a common enemy

C. To experience the satisfaction of cooperation

D. To associate with people who have similar backgrounds

1
14 tháng 12 2017

Chọn A
Thông tin:
Members perform tasks so that they can separately enjoy the fruits of their cooperation in the form of salary, prestige, or power.

Dịch nghĩa: Thành viên thực hiện nhiệm vụ để họ riêng rẽ có thể tận hưởng thành quả của sự hợp tác của họ trong các hình thức tiền lương, uy tín, hoặc quyền lực.

Như vậy mục đích tham gia vào sự hợp tác thứ cấp là để đạt được lợi ích nào đó cho bản thân. Do dó. phương án A. To get rewards for themselves = Để nhận được phần thưởng cho bản thân; là phương án chính xác nhất.

B. To defeat a common enemy = Để đánh bại một kẻ thù chung.

Không có thông tin như vậy trong bài.

C. To experience the satisfaction of cooperation = Để trải nghiệm sự hài lòng hợp tác.

Không có thông tin như vậy trong bài.

D. To associate with people who have similar backgrounds = Để kết hợp với những người có lí lịch tương tự.

Không có thông tin như vậy trong bài.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.    Cooperation is the common endeavor of two or more people to perform a task or reach a jointly cherished goal. Like competition and conflict, there are different forms of cooperation, based on group organization and attitudes.    In the first form, known as primary cooperation, group and individual fuse. The group contains nearly all of each...
Đọc tiếp

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.

   Cooperation is the common endeavor of two or more people to perform a task or reach a jointly cherished goal. Like competition and conflict, there are different forms of cooperation, based on group organization and attitudes.

   In the first form, known as primary cooperation, group and individual fuse. The group contains nearly all of each individual’s life. The rewards of the group’s work are shared with each member. There is an interlocking identity of individual, group and task performed. Means and goals become one, for cooperation itself is valued.   

   While primary cooperation is most often characteristic of preliterature societies, secondary cooperation is characteristic of many modem societies. In secondary cooperation, individuals devote only part of their lives to the group. Cooperation itself is not a value. Most members of the group feel loyalty, but the welfare of the group is not the first consideration. Members perform tasks so that they can separately enjoy the fruits of their cooperation in the form of salary, prestige, or power. Business offices and professional athletic teams are examples of secondary cooperation.

   In the third type, called tertiary cooperation or accommodation, latent conflict underlies the shared work. The attitudes of the cooperating parties are purely opportunistic: the organization is loose and fragile. Accommodation involves common means to achieve antagonistic goals: it breaks down when the common means cease to aid each party in reaching its goals. This is not, strictly speaking, cooperation at all, and hence the somewhat contradictory term antagonistic cooperation is sometimes used for this relationship.

According to the passage, why do people join groups that practice secondary cooperation?

A. To get rewards for themselves

B. To defeat a common enemy

C. To experience the satisfaction of cooperation

D. To associate with people who have similar backgrounds


 


 

1
28 tháng 12 2017

Đáp án A

Thông tin: Members perform tasks so that they can separately enjoy the fruits of their cooperation in the form of salary, prestige, or power.

Dịch nghĩa: Thành viên thực hiện nhiệm vụ để họ riêng rẽ có thể tận hưởng thành quả của sự hợp tác của họ trong các hình thức tiền lương, uy tín, hoặc quyền lực.

Như vậy mục đích tham gia vào sự hợp tác thứ cấp là để đạt được lợi ích nào đó cho bản thân. Do dó. phương án A. To get rewards for themselves = Để nhận được phần thưởng cho bản thân; là phương án chính xác nhất.

B. To defeat a common enemy = Để đánh bại một kẻ thù chung.

Không có thông tin như vậy trong bài.

C. To experience the satisfaction of cooperation = Để trải nghiệm sự hài lòng hợp tác.

Không có thông tin như vậy trong bài.

D. To associate with people who have similar backgrounds = Để kết hợp với những người có lí lịch tương tự.

Không có thông tin như vậy trong bài.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.Cooperation is the common endeavor of two or more people to perform a task or reach a jointly cherished goal. Like competition and conflict, there are different forms of cooperation, based on group organization and attitudes.In the first form, known as primary cooperation, group and individual fuse. The group contains nearly all of each...
Đọc tiếp

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.

Cooperation is the common endeavor of two or more people to perform a task or reach a jointly cherished goal. Like competition and conflict, there are different forms of cooperation, based on group organization and attitudes.

In the first form, known as primary cooperation, group and individual fuse. The group contains nearly all of each individual’s life. The rewards of the group’s work are shared with each member. There is an interlocking identity of individual, group and task performed. Means and goals become one, for cooperation itself is valued.

While primary cooperation is most often characteristic of preliterature societies, secondary cooperation is characteristic of many modern societies. In secondary cooperation, individuals devote only part of their lives to the group. Cooperation itself is not a value. Most members of the group feel loyalty, but the welfare of the group is not the first consideration. Members perform tasks so that they can separately enjoy the fruits of their cooperation in the form of salary, prestige, or power. Business offices and professional athletic teams are examples of secondary cooperation.

In the third type, called tertiary cooperation or accommodation, latent conflict underlies the shared work. The attitudes of the cooperating parties are purely opportunistic: the organization is loose and fragile. Accommodation involves common means to achieve antagonistic goals: it breaks down when the common means cease to aid each party in reaching its goals. This is not, strictly speaking, cooperation at all, and hence the somewhat contradictory term antagonistic cooperation is sometimes used for this relationship.

Which of the following is an example of the third form of cooperation as it is defined in the fourth paragraph?

A. Members of a farming community share work and the food that they grow

B. Two rival political parties temporarily work together to defeat a third party

C. Students form a study group so that all of them can improve their grades

D. A new business attempts to take customers away from an established company

1
15 tháng 1 2019

Đáp án B

Thông tin: In the third type, called tertiary cooperation or accommodation, latent conflict underlies the shared work. The attitudes of the cooperating parties are purely opportunistic: the organization is loose and fragile. Accommodation involves common means to achieve antagonistic goals: it breaks down when the common means cease to aid each party in reaching its goals.

Dịch nghĩa: Trong loại thứ ba, gọi là hợp tác thứ ba hoặc sự thỏa thuận, xung đột tiềm ẩn là cơ sở cho công việc chung. Thái độ của các bên hợp tác hoàn toàn mang tính cơ hội: tổ chức lỏng lẻo và dễ vỡ. Sự thỏa thuận liên quan đến phương tiện chung để đạt được các mục tiêu đối kháng: nó sụp đổ khi các phương tiện chung không còn hỗ trợ mỗi bên trong việc đạt được mục tiêu của mình.

Như vậy bản chất của hợp tác loại ba là hai bên vốn đối đầu nhau, nhưng tạm thời hợp tác để đạt được một mục tiêu chung, sau khi đạt được lại quay trở lại quan hệ ban đầu.

Phương án B. Two rival political parties temporarily work together to defeat a third party = Hai đảng chính trị đối thủ tạm thời làm việc với nhau để đánh bại một bên thứ ba; là phương án chính xác nhất.

          A. Members of a farming community share work and the food that they grow = Thành viên của một cộng đồng nông nghiệp chia sẻ công việc và thực phẩm mà họ trồng.

Đây là ví dụ của hợp tác cơ bản.

          C. Students form a study group so that all of them can improve their grades = Học sinh tạo thành một nhóm nghiên cứu để tất cả trong số họ có thể cải thiện điểm số.      

Đây là ví dụ của hợp tác thứ cấp.

          D. A new business attempts to take customers away from an established company = Một doanh nghiệp mới cố gắng để đưa khách hàng đi từ một công ty đã thành lập.

Đây không phải ví dụ phù hợp cho bất cứ loại hợp tác nào được nhắc đến trong bài.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.    Cooperation is the common endeavor of two or more people to perform a task or reach a jointly cherished goal. Like competition and conflict, there are different forms of cooperation, based on group organization and attitudes.    In the first form, known as primary cooperation, group and individual fuse. The group contains nearly all of each...
Đọc tiếp

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.

   Cooperation is the common endeavor of two or more people to perform a task or reach a jointly cherished goal. Like competition and conflict, there are different forms of cooperation, based on group organization and attitudes.

   In the first form, known as primary cooperation, group and individual fuse. The group contains nearly all of each individual’s life. The rewards of the group’s work are shared with each member. There is an interlocking identity of individual, group and task performed. Means and goals become one, for cooperation itself is valued.   

   While primary cooperation is most often characteristic of preliterature societies, secondary cooperation is characteristic of many modem societies. In secondary cooperation, individuals devote only part of their lives to the group. Cooperation itself is not a value. Most members of the group feel loyalty, but the welfare of the group is not the first consideration. Members perform tasks so that they can separately enjoy the fruits of their cooperation in the form of salary, prestige, or power. Business offices and professional athletic teams are examples of secondary cooperation.

   In the third type, called tertiary cooperation or accommodation, latent conflict underlies the shared work. The attitudes of the cooperating parties are purely opportunistic: the organization is loose and fragile. Accommodation involves common means to achieve antagonistic goals: it breaks down when the common means cease to aid each party in reaching its goals. This is not, strictly speaking, cooperation at all, and hence the somewhat contradictory term antagonistic cooperation is sometimes used for this relationship.

Which of the following best describes the overall organization of the passage?

A. The author presents the points of view of three experts on the same topic

B. The author compares and contrasts two types of human relations

C. The author describes a concept by analyzing its three forms

D. The author provides a number of concrete examples and then draws a conclusion

1
1 tháng 6 2018

Đáp án C

Giải thích: Đoạn đầu của bài đọc đưa ra định nghĩa của sự hợp tác, sau đó mỗi đoạn tiếp theo nói về một thể loại hợp tác khác nhau.

Phương án C. The author describes a concept by analyzing its three forms = Tác giả mô tả một khái niệm bằng cách phân tích ba hình thức của nó; là phương án chính xác nhất.

A. The author presents the points of view of three experts on the same topic = Các tác giả trình bày các quan điểm của ba chuyên gia về cùng một chủ đề.

B. The author compares and contrasts two types of human relations = Tác giả so sánh và đối chiếu hai loại quan hệ con người.

D. The author provides a number of concrete examples and then draws a conclusion = Tác giả cung cấp một số ví dụ cụ thể và sau đó rút ra một kết luận.