PASSIVE FORMS
I. DEFINITION (Định nghĩa)
- Câu bị động là câu có chủ ngữ là người hoặc vật chịu/nhận hành động của một tác nhân khác. (là đối tượng của hành động)
e.g1: I am taken to school every morning by my father.
(Chủ ngữ trong ví dụ trên là đại từ “I”, “tôi” không phải là chủ thể của hành động “đưa đến trường” mà là người được đưa đến trường (tân ngữ) bởi “bố tôi”.
e.g2: A letter is being written now by Lan.
(Chủ ngữ trong ví dụ trên là danh từ “A letter”, “lá thư” không phải là chủ thể của hành động “đang viết” mà là vật đang được viết (tân ngữ) vào lúc này bởi bạn Lan).
- Câu chủ động là câu có chủ ngữ là người hoặc vật là chủ thể của hành động, trạng thái được diễn đạt bởi động từ.
e.g1: Lan is writing a letter now.
(Chủ ngữ trong câu trên là danh từ “Lan”, Lan chính là người đang thực hiện hành động viết thư vào lúc này).
e.g2: My father takes me to school every morning.
(Chủ ngữ trong câu trên là danh từ “My father”, “bố tôi” chính là người thường thực hiện hành động đưa tôi đến trường vào các buổi sáng).
II. FORM (Công thức thành lập)
Cụ thể:
- Để thành lập câu bị động chúng ta sử dụng dạng đúng của động từ “to be” và quá khứ phân từ của động từ chính “past participle”.
III. USE:
- Câu bị động được sử dụng để nhấn mạnh vào hành động.
e.g1: English is spoken in many countries.
- Câu bị động cũng được sử dụng khi người nói/viết không biết hoặc muốn đề cập tới chủ thể của hành động.
e.g2: The cup has been broken.
IV. HOW TO CHANGE THE ACTIVE IN TO THE PASSIVE (Cách chuyển một câu chủ động sang câu bị động)
- Chúng ta chỉ có thể chuyển một câu chủ động sang câu bị động nếu câu đó có tân ngữ (nói cách khác động từ chính trong câu phải là ngoại động từ). Và một câu có bao nhiêu tân ngữ thì có thể chuyển thành bấy nhiêu câu bị động.
- Để chuyển một câu chủ động sang câu bị động chúng ta thực hiện theo 3 bước sau:
+ Bước 1: Xác định tân ngữ (người hoặc vật chịu/nhận tác động của chủ từ) bằng cách đặt câu hỏi “Chủ ngữ trong câu tác động lên người hay vật nào ?” hoặc “Người hay vật nào phải chịu tác động của chủ từ trong câu ?”).
+ Bước 2: Rút tân ngữ vừa xác định được ra và đưa lên làm chủ ngữ mới của câu bị động).
+ Bước 3: Chia động từ theo mẫu (Sử dụng dạng đúng của trợ động từ “to be” và quá khứ phân từ của động từ chính “past participle”).
e.g1: Nam bought me a watch on my birthday.
(Trong câu trên có hai tân ngữ là “me” và “a watch”, do đó mà chúng ta hoàn toàn có thể chuyển câu trên thành 2 câu bị động như sau:
I was bought a watch on my birthday by Nam.
A watch was bought for me on my birthday by Nam.
e.g2: I’ll see a movie tonight.
A movie will be seen tonight by me.
* Nếu muốn nêu rõ chủ thể của hành động chúng ta dùng cụm từ “by + agent”.
e.g3: I am taken to school every morning by my parents.
V. PASSIVE TENSES:
1. Past simple: | was/were + past participle.
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2. Past progressive | was/were + being + past participle.
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3. Past perfect | had been + past participle.
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4. Past perfect continuous | had been being + past participle.
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5. Present simple: | am/is/are + past participle.
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6. Present progressive | am/is/are + being + past participle.
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7. Present perfect | have/has been + past participle.
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8. Present perfect continuous | have/has been being + past participle.
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9. Future simple: | will be + past participle.
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10. Near future: | am/is/are + going to + be + past participle.
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11. Future progressive: | will be being + past participle.
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12. Future perfect: | will have been + past participle.
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13. Future perfect continuous: | will have been being + past participle.
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VI. PASSIVE FORMS OF SOME SPECIAL STRUCTURES:
1. Passive form of modal verbs:
Modal verb + be + past participle.
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e.g1: I can sing English songs. (active)
→ English songs can be sung by me. (passive)
e.g2: You must do your homework regularly. (active)
→ Your homework must be done regularly. (passive)
2. Past passive form of modal verbs:
modal verb
| have been
| past participle.
|
e.g1: We should have invited Linda.
Linda should have been invited (by us).
e.g2: You must have eaten fish for dinner.
Fish must have been eaten for dinner (by you).
3. Stative passive:
e.g1: I am tired of reading the same book every day.
e.g2: They are married.
- Qua 2 ví dụ trên chúng ta có thể thấy là câu bị động trạng thái (Stative passive) cũng được thành lập giống với các câu bị động thông thường khác đó là:
- Tuy nhiên quá khứ phân từ ở đây không diễn tả hành động của chủ thể mà chúng diễn tả trạng thái của chủ thể, do đó chúng có chức năng như một tính từ.
- Theo sau quá khứ phân từ trong câu không phải là cụm từ “by + agent” mà thay vào đó là giới từ nếu có.
- Dạng câu bị động này (Stative passive) không có câu chủ động tương đương.
- Đôi khi chúng ta cũng có thể dùng “get” để thay thế cho “be”.
e.g3: She got married to a foreigner last year.
4. Passive form of verbs followed by a gerund:
- Để thành lập câu bị động với các động từ được theo sau bởi một danh động từ chúng ta sử dụng hiện tại phân từ của động từ “to be” (là “being”) và kết hợp quá khứ phân từ của động từ chính.
| like
| being
| past participle.
|
| dislike
|
| love
|
| enjoy
|
| ... |
e.g1: I dislike people telling me what to do.
→ I dislike being told what to do.
e.g2: She loves people admiring her.
→ She loves being admired.
5. Passive form of “need” and “want”:
- Để thành lập câu bị động với “need” và “want” chúng ta có thể làm theo hai cách sau:
Cách 1: Sử dụng hiện tại phân từ của động từ chính.
| need
| present participle
|
| want
|
e.g1: Your hair is too long. It needs cutting.
e.g2: The car is too dirty. It wants cleaning.
Cách 2: Sử dụng “to be” kết hợp với quá khứ phân từ của động từ chính.
| need
| to be
| past participle
|
| want
|
e.g3: His coat is too dirty. It needs to be cleaned.
e.g4: Their house is too old. It wants to be repaired.
6. Passive forms of “make”
- Lưu ý ở dạng chủ động ta có mẫu câu:
Make sb do st: bắt/bảo ai đó (phải) làm gì đó.
- Nhưng khi chuyển sang dạng thụ động ta có mẫu câu sau:
Be made to do st: bị ép/bắt làm gì đó.
e.g1: She usually makes me do the housework.
→ I am usually made to do the housework.
e.g2: They made him work hard from morning till night.
→ He was made to work hard from morning till night.
7. Passive forms of “let”:
- Lưu ý ở dạng chủ động ta có mẫu câu:
Let sb do st: cho phép ai đó làm gì.
- Nhưng khi chuyển sang dạng thụ động ta có mẫu câu sau:
Be let to do st: được phép làm gì. (Hoặc là: be allowed to do smt.)
e.g1: He let me play video games once a day.
→ I’m let to play video games once a day. (I’m allowed to play …)
8. “Have something done” và “Get something done”:
- Các mẫu câu này được sử dụng để diễn đạt ý “chủ ngữ trong câu không thực hiện hành động mà thuê/mướn/bảo ai đó thực hiện hành động cho mình.”
- Hai dạng chủ động và bị động cụ thể như sau:
Active
| Passive
|
S + have someboby do something.
e.g1: I had a mechanic repair my car. | S + have something done.
I had my car repaired (by a mechanic). |
S + get somebody to do something.
e.g2: He gets a barber to cut his hair once a day. | S + get something done.
He gets his hair cut once a day. |
e.g3: I had my hair cut. (passive)
e.g4: I cut my hair. (active)
9. Impersonal passive:
- Một số động từ hay dùng: know, say, think, report, rumour, believe.
e.g1: People think that he is a liar. (active)
→ It’s thought that he is a liar. (passive)
→ He is thought to be a liar. (passive)
e.g2: People thought that she passed the exam. (active)
→ It was thought that she passed the exam. (passive)
→ She was thought to have passed the exam. (passive)
- Quy tắc chuyển từ câu chủ động (active) sang câu bị động (pasive): có 2 cách.
* Cách 1: Mượn đại từ “It” làm chủ ngữ của câu bị động đồng thời kết hợp với dạng đúng của trợ động từ “to be” và quá khứ phân từ của động từ chính. Sau đó kéo nguyên mệnh đề với “that” (that clause) xuống cuối câu.
It + be + past participle + that clause. |
e.g1: People say that I am not qualified for that job.
→ It’s said that I am not qualified for that job.
e.g2: People said that they got divorced last year.
→ It was said that they got divorced last year.
* Cách 2: Lấy chủ ngữ trong mệnh đề với “that” (that clause) ra làm chủ ngữ của câu bị động đồng thời sử dạng đúng của trợ động từ “to be” và quá khứ phân từ của động từ chính kết hợp với động từ trong mệnh đề với “that” (that clause) theo 2 dạng sau:
S + be + past participle | to do smt. |
to have done smt. |
- Chúng ta sử dụng dạng “to do smt” sau quá khứ phân từ của động từ chính khi động từ trong mệnh đề “that” được sử dụng ở thì hiện tại/tương lai đơn.
e.g1: People rumour that she speaks English perfectly.
→ She is rumoured to speak English perfectly.
- Chúng ta sử dụng dạng (to have done smt” sau quá khứ phân từ của động từ chính khi động từ trong mệnh đề “that” được sử dụng ở thì quá khứ đơn hoặc hiện tại hoàn thành.
e.g2: People rumour that she spoke English perfectly.
→ She is rumoured to have spoken English perfectly.
VII. PRACTICE (Luyện tập)
Exercise one: Change the sentences below in to the passive.
1. In my free time, I usually do the homework.
2. Ba never plays video games.
3. Linh flies a kite after school.
4. Peter and Sam take a dog to school every day.
5. What do you do on the weekend ?
6. She’s cooking a chicken in the kitchen.
7. He’s driving a car.
8. They are flying a plane.
9. We are writing a letter.
10. I’m singing karaoke.
11. We’ve just seen him in here.
12. Mr. Pike’s taken a lot of photos today.
13. Mrs. Brown has bought a villa in the country.
14. His niece has sent him a post card.
15. Her nephew hasn’t visited her for a long time.
16. We are going to fix the refrigerator tomorrow.
17. Kien used to play the violin in the evening a few years ago.
18. Mary has to tidy her room every morning.
19. I had to write a report on my school festival.
20. She gave me a book on my last birthday.
21. Mr. Cuong is carrying a suitcase.
22. He carried me across the river last Saturday.
23. They received their first semester report cards the day before yesterday.
24. I borrowed a dictionary from the library last Monday.
25. He ate a big breakfast ten days ago.
26. I’m going to draw a picture of Hoan Kiem Lake.
27. She used to tell us stories when we were small.
28. They have just made a phone call.
29. The Browns will plant trees along the city central streets next weekend.
30. We must seperate the rice from the husk.
31. Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876.
32. We should speak English as much as possible every day.
33. They can do magic tricks.
34. Every day, Joe drinks tea after work.
35. She brushes her teeth at half past five.
36. Her step mother gave her a slap on her face.
37. On my birthday, I usually invite some friends over for dinner.
38. The school Y&Y is going to hold a meeting to celebrate the Teachers’ Day.
39. At 10.00 pm last night, I was reading a novel.
40. I showed the policeman my certification card.
41. What do you do every day ?
42. What did you do yesterday ?
43. What are you doing now ?
44. What can you see ?
45. Do you speak English ?
46. Who did you see at the party ?
47. When did they buy that house ?
48. How do you spell your name ?
49. How often does she play sports ?
50. Who invented the telephone ?
51. Are you going to visit the Temple Of Literature ?
52. Does he do morning exercise ?
53. Did he repair your bike ?
54. Who takes you to school every morning ?
55. What will they do tomorrow ?
Exercise two: Change the sentences below in to the active:
1. I was bought a picture by Manh yesterday.
2. A rose was given to me by my friend last Sunday.
3. A magazine is being read by him now.
4. A novel is read by her in the free time.
5. A fish is being fried by my mother in the kitchen now.
6. The chickens are fed by me after school.
7. Baseball is often played by us in the spring.
8. Soccer is being played by them at the stadium at the moment.
9. She was punished for her coming late by her teacher.
10. A newspaper was bought by him yesterday.
11. Her friends will be invited to ber birthday party by her tomorrow.
12. Badminton is usually played by me on the weekend.
13. Basketball was played by them the day before yesterday.
14. Rice is grown for a living by Vietnamese people.
15. English is spoken throughout the world by people.
16. Math is taught by Mr. Dean.
17. Music is being listened to by Lan.
18. A new car is going to be bought by us next month.
19. Breakfast is eaten at 6.30 by you every day.
20. The house is cleaned by him every afternoon.
21. The floor is being made by me at the moment.
22. The wall is being painted by Linh now.
23. The roof was fixed by him yesterday afternoon.
24. A movie was seen by her last night.
25. This book has been read once by me before.
26. A play will be rehearsed by us this afternoon.
27. Today, ten letters have been written by her.
28. A few days ago, she was taken to school by her father.
29. My homework will be done by me tonight.
30. Her teeth are brushed at 6.00 am by her.
31. His face is washed at 5.30 am by him.
32. The housework is done by her after school.
33. A kite is flown by him on Saturday mornings.
34. A picture is being drawn by me now.
35. A map is being read by him now.
36. Volleyball is played by them every afternoon.
37. Tennis was played by them last Sunday afternoon.
38. Table tennis was being played by us at 4.30 yesterday afternoon.
39. English was being studied by her when I came last night.
40. Her bike is ridden to school by her every day.
Exercise three: Change the sentences below into the passive:
1. I had a porter to carry my luggage.
2. I’m going to have a mechanic service my car.
3. I make my younger sister make the bed.
4. They didn’t let me answer the question.
5. People believe that have a lot of money.
6. He hates people lying to him
7. You should have washed the car last night.
8. She usually gets me to do her homework.
9. People say that the Vietnamese are friendly and hospitable.
10. People knew that we graduated ten years ago.
11. People believed that there would be a famine soon.
12. People think that she’s kind and helpful.
13. My parents used to make me do the housework.
14. Did they make you do the cleaning ?
15. How often do you have a barber cut your hair ?
16. I enjoy her giving me a kiss.
17. Does he like your telling him stories before bedtime ?
18. I’ll have an architect design my new house.
19. Did they let her smoke near the gas station ?
20. People said that English is an international language.
21. Ba used to fly a kite last year.
22. We ought to eat a moderate amount of food.
23. The policeman let me go straight ahead.
24. Her step-mother made her separate the rice from the husk.
25. They must have broken the sun glasses.
Exercise four: Complete the following sentences using “need/want + Ving” và “need/want to be done” The first one is done for you.
1. Your hair is too long.
→ It needs/wants cutting.
→ It needs/wants to be cut.
2. The room is very dirty. (clean)
3. The phone doesn’t work. (fix)
4. The garden is too bushy. (clear)
5. Oh! The shirt is too long. (shorten)
6. The cars are not very clean. (wash)
7. The room is very messy. (tidy)
8. The food is too cold. (warm)
9. Your radio doesn’t sound good. (adjust)
10. The rice is too wet. (dry)
Exercise five: Complete sentences with “get + past participle” using the verbs in brackets.
1. I got …….. in London a few years ago because I had never been there before. (lose)
2. They have decided to get …………. soon. (engage)
3. You will get ………. if you don’t work hard. (fire)
4. Did she get …….. to her neighbor ? (marry)
5. He usually gets ………. at six before going to school. (dress)
-The end-
ex 3:
1 My father usually helps me to learn English
2 He was heard to shout
3 This student expected to be the first winner of the Grand Prix
4 I told her not to worry about her wedding; everything will straighten out
5 May I suggest you let Mary do so
6 She pretended not to hear him when he called her
7 The doctor advised me not to stay up late
8 The school superintendent told me to hurry up
9 "Let us face the enemies," shouted the soldiers
10 Mr. Brown told the schoolgirls not to eat in class
11 I have heard Dang Thai Son play the piano
12 The young teachers wanted a Foreign Language Teaching workshop to be held in Ho Chi Minh City
13 In order to be able to take part in the international math contest two years from now, Son works very hard in his math class
14 Try not to make so many mistakes
15 Let me hear from you soon
16 John is too stupid to understand this
17 The wind is strong enough to blow the roof off
18 My father is too tired to stay up late
19 John wanted me to help him
20 I want to leave early tomorrow morning
MẠO TỪ
1 I would like to live by the sea
2 Harry is a sailor. He spends most of his life at sea
3 There are billions of stars in space
4 He tried to park his car but the space wasn't big enough
5 We often watch television
6 Can you turn off the television, please
7 We had a dinner in a restaurant
8 We had a meal in a restaurant
9 Thank you. That was a very nice lunch
10 Where can people buy everything they need
11 Her parents are now working in Europe
12 He majors in English
13 Mark Twain, an American writer, wrote "Life on the Mississippi River
14 Paris is splendid by night
15 We might be able to catch the last train if we hurried
16 A used razor blade is a useless thing
17 We live at the third house from the church
18 My aunt has an interesting novel
19 It was the best film I had ever read
20 A video lab is a useful means for language learning
21 We often watch television in the evening
22 We had a wonderful trip last summer
23 Where can people buy everything they need
24 Her parents are now working in the countryside
25 We live at the third house from the church
26 My aunt has an interesting novel
27 It was the best film I had ever read
28 My parents have a cat and a dog. The dog never bites the cat
29 We live in a big house in the middle of the village
30 It was a beautiful day; the sun shone brightly in the sky
GIỚI TỪ
1 I often go to school by bus
2 Their grandparents live at 34 Hang Da street
3 Bob and I come from the same town, but my accent is different from his
4 At present, John is staying with his brother’s family in the city center, very far from his parents
5 Thanh is a newcomer in class 7D. She sits next to my cousin
6 We often go to the concert on weekends
7 Are you free this Sunday at 9 o’clock
8 I want to send to my friend this package
9 Daisy gives two stamped envelopes to Mary
10 The students are waiting for their teachers over there
11 The weather is usually hot in summe
12 Viet lives with his aunt and uncle at 83 Hoang Van Thu street
13 Our party will be from ten o’clock to half past eleven in the morning on Sunday
14 What’s your place of birth, Nam
15 Trung will have a party for his birthday at home
16 I’ll wait for you outside the school gate
17 Don’t speak to her now. She is not feeling very well
18 If you write for me a song, I will sing it at the school concert
19 I am afraid I am not very good at English
20 Will it be convenient for you to see me tomorrow
21 We are going to treat you with a different kind of drug which we hope will be more successful
22 Her birthday is on October 17th
ex 2:
1 She was very surprised at the grade she received
2 We might need more food, depending on how many people turn up
3 Jane doesn't spend much money on clothes
4 She always takes good care of her children
5 A sign warned motorists of dangers
6 They translated the letter into French
7 I was disappointed with the grade I received on my last essay
8 The medical center is close to campus
9 We went there by car and stayed there for the whole day
10 We started our journey on foot
11 He always prevents me from doing my duty
12 I write letters with my right hand
13 The war victims suffered terribly from cold and hunger
14 She is absent from class
15 It is very nice of you to take so much trouble
16 You may write with pencil
17 He congratulated me on winning the competition
18 Remember me to your parents
19 Mr. Foster lives at 667E 76th street in New York
20 We reached her house safe and sound