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Polyester is now being used for bottles. ICI, the chemicals and plastics company, believes that it is now beginning to break the grip of glass on the bottle business and thus take advantage of this huge market.
All the plastics manufacturers have been experiencing hard times as their traditional products have been doing badly world-wide for the last few years. Between 1982 and 1984 the Plastics Division of ICI had lost a hundred and twenty million dollars, and they felt that the most hopeful new market was in packaging, bottles and cans.
Since 1982 it has opened three new factories’ producing “Melinar” , the raw material from which high quality polyester bottles are made.
The polyester bottle was born in the 1970s, when soft drinks companies : like Coca Cola started selling their drinks in grant two-litre containers. Because of the build-up of the pressure of gas in these large containers, glass was unsuitable. Nor was PVC, the plastic which had been used for bottles since the 1960s, suitable for drinks with gas in them. A new plastic had to be made.
Glass is still cheaper for the smaller bottles, and will continue to be so unless oil and plastic become much cheaper, but plastic does well for the larger sizes.
Polyester bottles are virtually unbreakable. The manufacturers claim they are also lighter, less noisy when being handled, and can be re-used. Shopkeepers and other business people are unlikely to object to a change from glass to polyester, since these bottles mean few breakages, which are costly and time-consuming.The public, though, have been more difficult to persuade. ICI’s commercial department is developing different bottles with interesting shapes, to try and make them visually more attractive to the public.
The next step could be to develop a plastic which could replace tins for food. The problem here is the high temperatures necessary for cooking the food in the container.
1.Plastics of various kinds have been used for making bottles
A. since 1982.
B. since the 1970s but only for large bottles.
C. since the 1960s but not for liquids with gas in them.
D. since companies like Coca Cola first tried them.
2. Why is ICI’s Plastics Division interested in polyester for bottles?
A. The other things they make are not selling well.
B. Glass manufacturers cannot make enough new bottles.
C. They have factories which could be adapted to make it.
D. The price of oil keeps changing.
3. Why aren’t all bottles now made of polyester? (Câu này mk hk chắc)
A. The price of oil and plastic has risen.
B. It is not suitable for containing gassy drinks.
C. The public like traditional glass bottles.
D. Shop keepers dislike re-usable bottles.
4. Manufacturers think polyester bottles are better than glass bottles because they
A. are cheaper.
B. are more suited to small sizes.
C. are more exciting to look at.
D. do not break easily.
5. Plastic containers for holding food in the same way as cans
A. have been used for many years.
B. are an idea that interests the plastics companies.
C. are possible, but only for hot food.
D. are the first things being made in the new factories.
Giup voi a
Read the text on the tight about the invention of semaphore. Five sentences have been removed. Choose from sentences A-F the one which fits each gap (l-4).There is one extra sentence which you do not need. There is an example at the beginning (0).
A Using ropes, these could be moved to form 49 different shapes that could be recognized easily.
B The main problem was that it could not be used during the night or on foggy days.
C These messages could be sent very quickly.
D The new republic faced enemies on all sides in the form of the forces of Britain, Austria, Holland, Prussia and Spain.
E In August 1794, it carried its first message, the news of Napoleon's victory at Le Quenoy.
F A system was built between London and the south coast, and other countries followed.
War has been called 'the mother of invention', and this was certainly true in the French Revolutionary wars in 1792. 1 | D | What the Revolutionary Government urgently needed was a reliable system of communication.
Claude Chappe, who was a priest and an engineer, had developed a telegraph system, but had not been able to test it fully. However, his brother Ignace was a member of the government, and arranged for Claude's system to be tested. It turned out to be a great success and started a new form of high-speed communication.
The two brothers had a series of towers built 5 to 10 km apart. At the top of each tower was a tall wooden mast, and they attached one horizontal and two vertical wooden beams to this mast. Claude called this system 'semaphore', which comes from the Greek meaning 'bearing a sign'. 2 (A )
Operators in each tower watched neighbouring towers through a telescope and then passed the message on to the next one in the line. The first line stretched from Paris to Lille, a distance of 2.40 km. 3 ( C). At an average speed of three signals a minute, it was carried in 20 minutes, more than 90 times faster than messengers on horseback.
Once the value of Chappe's system was understood, it soon became the standard method of communication in Europe. 4 (F ). By the time the electric telegraph was developed, France had more than 550 semaphore towers stretching 4,800km.
Unfortunately, Chappe's system had some disadvantages. 5 ( B) The towers were also expensive to maintain and the cost of staff was high. In the end, Chappe was depressed by these criticisms of his inventions and by claims from other engineers that they had invented semaphore, and he committed suicide in 1805.
Read the text on the tight about the invention of semaphore. Five sentences have been removed. Choose from sentences A-F the one which fits each gap (l-4).There is one extra sentence which you do not need. There is an example at the beginning (0).
A Using ropes, these could be moved to form 49 different shapes that could be recognized easily.
B The main problem was that it could not be used during the night or on foggy days.
C These messages could be sent very quickly.
D The new republic faced enemies on all sides in the form of the forces of Britain, Austria, Holland, Prussia and Spain.
E In August 1794, it carried its first message, the news of Napoleon's victory at Le Quenoy.
F A system was built between London and the south coast, and other countries followed.
War has been called 'the mother of invention', and this was certainly true in the French Revolutionary wars in 1792. 1 | D | What the Revolutionary Government urgently needed was a reliable system of communication.
Claude Chappe, who was a priest and an engineer, had developed a telegraph system, but had not been able to test it fully. However, his brother Ignace was a member of the government, and arranged for Claude's system to be tested. It turned out to be a great success and started a new form of high-speed communication.
The two brothers had a series of towers built 5 to 10 km apart. At the top of each tower was a tall wooden mast, and they attached one horizontal and two vertical wooden beams to this mast. Claude called this system 'semaphore', which comes from the Greek meaning 'bearing a sign'. 2 (A )
Operators in each tower watched neighbouring towers through a telescope and then passed the message on to the next one in the line. The first line stretched from Paris to Lille, a distance of 2.40 km. 3 ( C). At an average speed of three signals a minute, it was carried in 20 minutes, more than 90 times faster than messengers on horseback.
Once the value of Chappe's system was understood, it soon became the standard method of communication in Europe. 4 (F ). By the time the electric telegraph was developed, France had more than 550 semaphore towers stretching 4,800km.
Unfortunately, Chappe's system had some disadvantages. 5 (B ) The towers were also expensive to maintain and the cost of staff was high. In the end, Chappe was depressed by these criticisms of his inventions and by claims from other engineers that they had invented semaphore, and he committed suicide in 1805.
One day in 1963, a dolphin named Elvar and a famous astronomer, Carl Sagan, were playing a little game. The astronomer was visiting an institute which was looking into the way dolphins communicate with each other. He was standing at the edge of one of tanks where several of these highly intelligent, friendly creatures were kept. Elvar had just swum up alongside him and had turned on his back. He wanted Sagan to scratch his stomach again, as the astronomer had done twice before. But this time Elvar was too deep in the water for Sagan to reach him. Elvar looked up at Sagan, waiting. Then, after a minute or so, the dolphin leapt up through the water into the air and made a sound just like the words "More!"
The astonished astronomer went to the director of the institute and told him about the incident.
"Oh, yes. That´s one of the words he knows," the director said, showing no surprise at all.
Dolphins have bigger brains in proportion to their body size than humans have, and it has been known for a long time that they can make a number of sounds. What is more, these sounds seem to have different functions, such as warning each other of danger. Sound travels much faster and further in water than it does in air. That is why the parts of the brain that deal with sound are much better developed in dolphins than in humans. But can it be said that dolphins have a "language", in the real sense of the word? Scientist don´t agree on this.
1/ The dolphin leapt into the air because
A. Sagan was too near the water
B. it was part of the game they were playing.
C. he wanted Sagan to scratch him again
D. Sagan wanted to communicate with him
2/ "Dolphins" brains are particularly well developed to
A. help them to travle fast in water
B. arrange sounds in different structures
C. respond to different kinds of sound
D. communicate with humans through sound
V. Fill in the space in each following sentence with a suitable phrasal verb or a connective in the box.
,, ,, , ,,, ,, ,
1. Remember to....turn off....the cassette player before going to bed.
2. Scientists have found a way to produce silicon in long sheets similar to the way plastic for plastic bag is made today.....therefore .., the cost of unit of solar energy will soon fall.
3. The bus was full. We couldn't............
4. It's her duty to collect plastic bags...and...put different kinds of waste in places different
5. Many cells must be used to create a reasonable amount of electriciy........however...., technology can be developed to make the cell more efficient.
t plastic bags..put different 4.
6. People should use more solar energy.....because.......it is cheap, clean and unlimited.
7. If you don't pay your electricity bill soon, you will be.......cut off.....
8. We are working in the same school.....moreover........, we are close friends.
9. Our parents..look after..us very carefully.
10. Scientists are trying to....look for.......other energies.
11. She was interested in studying French,....but....she wasn't good at French.
12. It's dark in here, pleas....turn on......the lights.
Question 1: Supply the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.
1. It is crucial that Dido stops using Quang Ha
2. I will ring the bell one more time. If he doesn't answer, I think he must have gone out
3. I am sorry about the noise last night. We were having a party
4. The man who was rescued had been in the sea for ten hours
5. A great deal of time is being spent on his exercis
6. We want to be paid better wages
7. People always blame their circumstances for what they are
8. You will be stopped by a policeman if you try to cross the road now
Question 2: Use the correct form of the words in brackets to complete the following passage.
1. refusal 2. communication 3. pollution 4. thoughtless 5. neighborhood
6. action 7. suggestions 8. politely 9. successful 10. advice
Question 3: Fill in each numbered blank with a suitable word
1. place 2. these 3. more 4. which 5. several
6. phrases 7. Second 8. used 9. an 10. help
Question 4: Read the text then choose the correct answer
1B 2C 3C 4D
Question 5: a/ Each line in the following passage has a spare word; Underline that word and write it in the blanks given.
0. for 1. for 2. much 3. time 4. today 5. lot
6. with 7. more 8. it 9. have 10. able
b/ Fill in the blanks with a suitable prepositions
1. George fell off the ladder while he was painting the ceiling
2. We stopped everyone from leaving the building
3. Admission to university depends on examination results
4. Don't use that dictionary. It is out of date. Find one that is up to date
Question 6: Do as directed
1. Not only did my friend have excellent ideas, but he did a good job as well
2. Neither his explanation nor the examples he gives are clear
3. It is said that the price of gold is going up
4. He asked me when I would give that book back to him
5. Seldom years ago did people travel far from home
6. He was given a gift, and you were as well
7. No matter how intelligent you may be, you should be careful about this
8. He made a great discovery and was very proud of it
9. Lan found difficulty in accepting the situation
10. Thanks to the new technology applied in their fields, the farmers raised the output of rice
Joe and his fellow mountaineers knew that if they encountered any (1) ….. ....unseen........(SEE) hazards it was unlikely that anyone could assist them. The mountain was on an (2) .....uninhabited....…..(INHABIT) island and they were the only people there. Help was a long boat journey away. The mountain had an (3) ….. famous......(FAME) reputation and many previous expeditions had been unsuccessful. They had already tried two routes to the summit and found them (5) …..impassable .... (PASS) Now they were trying the third. Joe had a note, in almost (6) …illegible.......(LEGIBLE) handwriting, from the leader of a previous expedition advising him to try it. The information in the note had proved (7) …valueless.......(VALUE) and they had made good progress at first. For the last two days, however, bad weather had confined them to their tent. It would be (8) …...unresponsive.......(RESPONSE) to climb in such conditions. The climbers had found their equipment reliable but were (9) …....dissatisfied..... (SATISFY) with their tent, which leaked badly. They had not (10) …...treated.......(TREAT) it in any way but it was not fit for purpose. Joe suspected the tent material was inflammable because their cooker almost set it on fire. Eventually, the weather improved and the climbers set off once more, (12) …......daunted.........(DAUNT) by the challenges ahead of them.
1 D
2 B
3 D
4 A
5 D
I. Read the following passage and choose the best answer.
Before the invention of plastic: Before plastic, the only materials that could be molded into different shapes were clay and glass. However, both of these materials are heavy and break easily. This is why plastic was a big improvement.
Today, plastic is used in almost everything, from shopping bags and bottles to chairs and cars. Plastic has conquered the world. But do you know how it was first made?
1862 - Parkesine
The first man-made plastic was created by Alexander Parkes, who introduced it at the 1862 Great International Exhibition in London. It was called Parkesine, and it was made from plant materials. Once heated, it could be molded, and it held its shape when cooled. Also, it could be made colored or transparent. However, it was too expensive to produce for common use.
1866 - Celluloid
In the 19th century, billiards was so popular that a lot of elephants were being killed for their ivory, which was used to make billiard balls. So, people tried to find a substitute. A U.S. billiard ball company offered a prize of $10,000 to the person who could design the best substitute for natural ivory. In 1866, John Wesley Hyatt created Celluloid while trying to win the prize. Although he failed to win, Celluloid was later used to make many products, including false teeth, piano keys, and ping pong balls.
1909 - Bakelite
Leo Baekeland created Bakelite in 1909. Made entirely of artificial materials, it was the first true plastic. It was inexpensive, and it kept its shape when heated. Soon, it was being used in many things, including electrical products and jewelry. Since then, many other plastics have been developed.
Today - Petroleum
Today, most plastics are produced from non-natural materials made from petroleum. They are light, flexible, strong, and cheap. Despite all these advantages, there is one problem: plastic waste breaks down slowly and toxic chemicals can leak from it. Therefore, people are trying to develop less harmful plastics.
1. What is the main idea of this passage?
A. Plastic is harmful to many plants and crops.
B. New materials are currently being created to replace plastic.
C. Plastic was originally invented as a substitute for petroleum.
D. Plastic has been developed and improved over a long period of time.
2. Which item was NOT made with Celluloid?
A. ping pong balls B. billiard balls C. false teeth D. piano keys
3. Which was an advantage of Bakelite?
A. It broke down very slowly. B. It didn’t contain any chemicals.
C. It could be used to store petroleum. D. It could be heated without changing shape.
4. What can be inferred about Parkesine?
A. It wasn’t as strong as ivory. B. It could not be seen through.
C. It cost more to make than Bakelite. D. It was named after a billiard ball company.
5. Which can replace the word “produce” in line 8?
A. discover B. analyze B. introduce D. manufacture