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1. Chia động từ trong ngoặc:
1. When my brther and I (be) were chidren , we (have) had two cats and a dog.
2. Peter (not phay) doesn't play sccer with us because he ( have) has lot of homework.
3. Did your father ( buy) buy you a new bike yesterday ?
4. I ( go ) went the cinema last night but I ( not enjoy) didn't like the movie much.
5. They ( travel) are going to travel to the USA next month.
6. How much does it(cost) cost to mail a letter to england ?
7. Where are your children (be) now? They (do) are doing their home work in the room.
8. You are very tired , you should (take) take a rest.
9. Look! the girl (phay ) is playing the piano well.
10. My father always (drink) drinks cofee bejore going to work.
1. chia động từ trong ngoặc
1. When my brother and I (be) were children, we (have) had two cats and a dog
2. Peter (not play) didn't play soccer with us because he ( have) had lot of homework
3. your father ( buy) bought you a new bike yesterday
4. I ( go ) went the cinema last night but I ( not enjoy) am not enjoy the movie much
5. they ( travel) will travel to the USA next month
6. how much does it(cost)cost to mail a letter to england
7. Where are your children (be) now? They (do)are doing their home work in the rôm
8. your are very tired , you should (take) take a rest
9. look! the girl (phay )is playing the piano well
10. my father always (drink)drinks cofee bejore going to work
Một số lý thuyết về mục đích của những giấc mơ
Freud tin rằng chúng ta mơ ước để chúng ta có thể giải toả những ham muốn sâu, bí mật mà chúng ta không được phép diễn đạt trong cuộc sống thực bởi vì các quy tắc của xã hội lịch sự. Hầu hết mọi người đều biết về phân tích giấc mơ của Freud - giấc mơ về một con tàu đi vào đường hầm là một giấc mơ về quan hệ tình dục. Nhưng liệu đó có phải chỉ là một giấc mơ khi du hành trên tàu?
Một lý thuyết khác là những giấc mơ cho phép chúng ta giải quyết những vấn đề mà chúng ta không thể giải quyết trong cuộc sống thực. Chúng tôi đi ngủ với một vấn đề và thức dậy với câu trả lời. Đây có thể là một cách để "sử dụng" ước mơ của chúng ta hơn là một mục đích "của mơ ước. Nếu bạn tin rằng giấc mơ của bạn là quan trọng thì việc phân tích chúng có thể giúp bạn tập trung suy nghĩ về vấn đề và giúp bạn tìm ra giải pháp.
Hình ảnh hiện đại là giấc mơ là cách để làm sạch ổ cứng của máy tính, tổ chức các sự kiện trong ngày vào các thư mục và xóa các rác mà nó không muốn giữ. Nhưng tất cả chúng ta đều biết rằng rất ít những gì chúng tôi mơ ước mỗi tối liên quan đến những gì đã xảy ra với chúng tôi ngày hôm đó.
Một ý tưởng khác là giấc mơ là cách hành xử của não đối với hành vi mà chúng ta cần phải tồn tại. Vì vậy, chúng tôi mơ ước được bị đuổi bởi một con quái vật bởi vì một ngày nào đó có thể xảy ra! Nó giống như một nghệ sĩ piano thực hành quy mô của cô ấy mỗi ngày mặc dù cô ấy không cần sử dụng chúng vào lúc đó.
Những người khác tin rằng giấc mơ là cách não thực hiện các con đường giữa các tế bào não. Đây có thể là một yếu tố quan trọng tại sao chúng ta ngủ nhiều hơn là tại sao chúng ta mơ ước. Chúng ta chết nếu chúng ta không ngủ nhưng chúng ta có thể sống mà không mơ mộng. Một số bệnh nhân bị thương não mất khả năng mơ ước nhưng dường như không bị ảnh hưởng xấu.
REM và mơ ước
Các nhà khoa học từng nghĩ rằng giấc mơ chỉ xảy ra trong giấc ngủ Mắt nhanh (REM). Giấc ngủ REM là điều cần thiết cho tất cả các động vật có vú. Tất cả chúng ta trở nên cáu kỉnh và chán nản nếu không có nó. Nếu chúng ta không có đủ giấc ngủ đêm REM, chúng tôi sẽ đền bù bằng cách có thêm thời gian tiếp theo. REM được tạo ra bởi bộ não - phần lâu đời nhất và nguyên thủy nhất của bộ não. Vì vậy, các nhà khoa học từng tin rằng giấc mơ cũng là do hoạt động trong não. Bây giờ chúng ta biết rằng giấc mơ có thể xảy ra bất cứ lúc nào trong suốt giấc ngủ. Sự khác biệt duy nhất có thể là dễ nhớ hơn những giấc mơ xảy ra trong REM.
Trẻ sơ sinh có nhiều hoạt động REM hơn người lớn, nhưng nghiên cứu cho thấy họ mơ ước ít hơn. Điều này cũng có thể đúng với động vật. Chúng tôi biết rằng họ có hoạt động REM nhưng điều đó không có nghĩa là họ mơ ước.
Nó cũng có vẻ như là mơ ước là một kỹ năng phát triển khi bạn lớn lên, chẳng hạn như ngôn ngữ ví dụ. Ước mơ của trẻ nhỏ rất khác so với giấc mơ của những đứa trẻ lớn tuổi hơn và người lớn.
Nghiên cứu mới
Công nghệ hiện đại đã cho phép các nhà khoa học lập bản đồ các bộ phận của não hoạt động khi chúng ta mơ ước. Giun sơ khai rất năng động, nhưng cũng là những khu vực quan trọng khác ở phía trước của não. Đây là những thùy trán điều khiển cảm xúc, trí nhớ và kinh nghiệm đi qua các giác quan như nghe và nhìn. Nếu những khu vực này bị thương, người đó ngừng mơ. Mặt khác, các lĩnh vực kiểm soát suy nghĩ hợp lý, hợp lý không hoạt động chút nào. Điều này có thể giải thích tại sao những giấc mơ thật kỳ lạ. Họ không có trình tự hoặc thời gian hợp lý, điều này khiến họ rất khó giải thích cho người khác khi chúng tôi thức dậy. Giấc mơ kết hợp các sự kiện gần đây với những sự kiện trong quá khứ và cảm xúc của chúng ta trong khi chúng ta đang mơ ước thường rất mạnh.
Các nhà tâm lý học cũng đã thực hiện các nghiên cứu về những người giữ nhật ký trong một thời gian dài (đến 50 năm trong một số trường hợp) và nhận thấy rằng những gì chúng ta mơ ước có liên quan rất nhiều đến cách chúng ta suy nghĩ và hành xử khi chúng ta tỉnh táo. Vì vậy, một người hướng ngoại, mạo hiểm sẽ có những giấc mơ hướng ngoại, mạo hiểm. Một người nhút nhát sẽ là một người nhút nhát trong những giấc mơ của mình. Những người quan trọng đối với chúng ta thường có trong giấc mơ của chúng ta và những điều đó sẽ làm chúng ta lo lắng hoặc làm cho chúng ta hạnh phúc.
Vậy kết luận là gì?
Vâng, không ai thực sự biết. Nhưng các nhà khoa học hiện đang cho thấy những giấc mơ hoàn toàn không có mục đích. Khi chúng ta tỉnh dậy chúng ta đang 'suy nghĩ' mọi lúc. Một số suy nghĩ này là hữu ích và có một mục đích. Nhưng chúng ta thường chỉ "nghĩ" về không có gì đặc biệt trong khi chúng ta chờ xe buýt hoặc đi bộ để làm việc. Và đó là những gì mà bộ não đang làm khi chúng ta đang ngủ - chỉ cần suy nghĩ. Đôi khi nó thú vị và đôi khi nó là nhàm chán.
Làm nghiên cứu cho bài viết này đã làm tôi quan tâm nhiều hơn đến ước mơ của tôi chứ không phải là ít hơn. Tôi thậm chí có thể bắt đầu một nhật ký trong giấc mơ! Nhưng không có gì tôi đã đọc giải thích tại sao đôi khi tôi có một giấc mơ xấu hổ vì thấy mình đang đứng khỏa thân hoàn toàn tại bến xe buýt. May mắn thay, điều này đã không bao giờ xảy ra với tôi trong cuộc sống thực, và nó không phải là điều mà tôi nghĩ về khi tôi thức. Tôi được nói rằng đó là một ví dụ về 'giấc mơ phổ quát' - một giấc mơ phổ biến cho mọi người trên thế giới. Giấc mơ bay là một ví dụ khác. Vậy giải thích là gì? Chúng ta không thể chỉ "suy nghĩ" về cùng một điều, phải không?
Some theories of the purpose of dreams
Freud believed that we dream so that we can release the deep, secret desires that we are not allowed to express in real life because of the rules of polite society. Most people know about Freudian dream analysis – a dream about a train going into a tunnel is a dream about sexual intercourse. But couldn’t it just be a dream about travelling on a train?
Another theory is that dreams allow us to solve problems that we can’t solve in real life. We go to sleep with a problem and wake up with the answer. This may be more of a way to ‘use’ our dreams than a ‘purpose’ of dreaming. If you believe that your dreams are important then analysing them may help you to focus your mind on the problem and help you to find the solution.
The modern image is that dreams are the brain’s way of cleaning up the computer’s hard disk, organizing the events of the day into folders and deleting the rubbish that it doesn’t want to keep. But we all know that very little of what we dream every night is concerned with what happened to us that day.
Another idea is that dreams are the brain’s way of practising the behaviour that we need to survive. So we dream about being chased by a monster because one day it might happen! It’s a bit a pianist practising her scales every day even though she doesn’t need to use them at that moment.
Others believe that dreaming is the brain’s way of exercising the pathways between the brain cells. This may be an important element in why we sleep rather than why we dream. We die if we don’t sleep but we can live without dreaming. Some patients with brain injuries lose the ability to dream but don’t seem to suffer any ill-effects.
REM and dreaming
Scientists used to think that dreaming only happened during Rapid Eye Movement sleep (REM). REM sleep is essential for all mammals. We all become irritable and depressed without it. If we don’t have enough REM one night, we will compensate by having more the next. REM is generated by the brainstem – the oldest and most primitive part of the brain. So scientists used to believe that dreaming was also caused by activity in the brainstem. We now know that dreaming can happen at any time during sleep. The only difference seems to be that it’s easier to remember dreams that happen during REM.
Babies have a lot more REM activity than adults, but research shows that they dream less. The same may be true of animals. We know that they have REM activity but that doesn’t mean they dream.
It also seems that dreaming is a skill that develops as you get older, language for example. Young children’s dreams are very different from older children’s or adult’s dreams.
New research
Modern technology has allowed scientists to map the parts of the brain that are active when we dream. The primitive brainstem is very active, but so are other important areas at the front of the brain. These are the frontal lobes that control emotion, memory, and experiences that come through the senses hearing and vision. If these areas are injured, the person stops dreaming. On the other hand, the areas that control rational, logical thought are not active at all. This could explain why dreams are so strange. They have no logical sequence or time, which makes them very difficult to explain to other people when we wake up. Dreams combine recent events with long past events and our emotions while we are dreaming are often very strong.
Psychologists have also done studies on people who kept dream diaries for long periods of time (up to fifty years in some cases) and have found that what we dream is very much connected with how we think and behave when we are awake. So an extrovert, adventurous person will have extrovert, adventurous dreams. A shy person will be a shy person in her dreams. People who are important to us will often be in our dreams and so will things that worry us or make us happy.
So what’s the conclusion?
Well, nobody really knows. But scientists are now suggesting that dreams have absolutely no purpose at all. When we are awake we are ‘thinking’ all the time. Some of this thinking is useful and has a purpose. But we often just ‘think’ about nothing in parular while we’re waiting for the bus or walking to work. And that’s what the brain is doing when we are asleep - just thinking. Sometimes it’s interesting and sometimes it’s boring.
Doing the research for this arle has made me more interested in my dreams rather than less. I might even start a dream diary! But nothing that I’ve read explains why I sometimes have an embarrassing dream about finding myself standing completely naked at a bus stop. Fortunately, this has never happened to me in real life, and it isn’t something that I think about when I’m awake. I’m told that it’s an example of a ‘universal dream’ – a dream that is common to people all over the world. Dreaming about flying is another example. So what’s the explanation? We can’t all be ‘just thinking’ about the same thing, can we?
Read the text quickly and choose the best title.
1 Not many English people have pets.
2 English people don't spend money on their pets.
3 English people prefer to spend their time with animals rather than with other people.
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Read the text again.Some parts of the text have been removed.Complete the text by deciding which part of the text (A-E) fits each gap (1-4) there is one extra letter that you do not need.
British people love their animals.Over half the households in Britain have got a pet.Goldfish are the most popular pet,but the British own 7.2 milion cats and 6.6 million dogs.1 c Friend from other countries are sometimes shocked.
People in other countries often spend a lot of money on comfortable kennels for their dogs,which means that the dogs sleep outside.The British let their dogs take over their houses.2 a They allow their dogs to lie on their sofas and armchairs, and give them almost as much attention as their children. They spoil their dogs with toys and treats and specially prepared meals.
Perhaps the British love their animals so much because they feel more confident with animals than with other people! British people can be very formal and find it hard to talk to people that they do not know.3 e They feel embarrassed if they have to talk to strangers. But there is no problem with dogs.4 b The British can easily start a conversation with a strange dog.
Greorge Mikes is the author of a famous book about the British.He say that when British people go for a walk with a friend , they don't say a work for hours.But if they go out for a walk with their dogs, they talk to them all the way!
a Thay allow their dogs to lie on their sofas and armchairs, and give them almost as much attention as their children.
b The Britich can easily start a conver sation with a strange dog.
c Friend from other countries are sometimes shocked.
d They think of them as part of the family.
e They feel embarrassed if they have to talk to strangers.
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Think about the advan tages and disadvantages of having pets:
Advantages:
- Pets help you reduce stress and feel more happy.
- Pets has many good effects on our life: dogs help us guard the house and protect us, cats catch mice for us and so on.
- Pets are always faithful and helpful
- Pets help us be more responsible.
Disadvantages:
- We have to spend money and time on taking care of them by feeing, excercising, ect.
- Pets affect some people's health.
Chúc bạn học tốt
1. Read the text. Choose the right words and write them on the lines
Whales
Most whales today (1) ............... grey, blue or white. But many, many thousands of years (2) ................... , whales looked very different from the whales (3) ................. we cam see today. Those whales could walk! (4) ............... then, they have grown bigger. They have also lost their legs and they (5) ............... live out of water now. But whales are very different from fish because they need air. There are two kinds (6) ............... whales - whales that have teeth and whales that don't have teeth, but (7) .............. whales can swim very fast. A whale (8) ............... its tail up and down to push its body through the sea and some love jumping out of the water too. Whales sometimes also (9) .......... Their songs are very strange and very loud. (10) .......... other animal is noisier than a whale! Whales are also the largest and longest animals (11) .............. the world.
1.are / is / were
2.once / ago / them
3.what / that / who
4.Since / Suddenly / Soon
5.weren't / haven't / can't
6.from / for / of
7.any / all / every
8.move / moves / moving
9.sings / sing / sung
10. No / Nothing / Not
11.at / on / in
Most whales today (1) ............... grey, blue or white. But many, many thousands of years (2) ................... , whales looked very different from the whales (3) ................. we cam see today. Those whales could walk! (4) ............... then, they have grown bigger. They have also lost their legs and they (5) ............... live out of water now. But whales are very different from fish because they need air. There are two kinds (6) ............... whales - whales that have teeth and whales that don't have teeth, but (7) .............. whales can swim very fast. A whale (8) ............... its tail up and down to push its body through the sea and some love jumping out of the water too. Whales sometimes also (9) .......... Their songs are very strange and very loud. (10) .......... other animal is noisier than a whale! Whales are also the largest and longest animals (11) .............. the world.
1.are / is / were
2.once / ago / them
3.what / that / who
4.Since / Suddenly / Soon
5.weren't / haven't / can't
6.from / for / of
7.any / all / every
8.move / moves / moving
9.sings / sing / sung
10. No / Nothing / Not
11.at / on / in
Exercise 2. Read the text and fill in each gap with the correct form of the word in capitals.
Next Top Model
One programme that has been very popular on television in a lot of (1) ____different__________ (DIFFER) countries is Next Top Model. In the programme they ask girls to apply to be a model and thousands do. The judges then make a (2) ____choice__________ (CHOOSE) from these thousands, usually selecting about thirty grils who are tall and (3) _____attractive_________ (ATTRACT) and from these they choose about twelve to actually be on the show.They make about ten programmes showing the girls as they are taught how to model. They have to have pictures taken and learn how to walk (4) _______properly_______ (PROPER) odwn a catalk and put on their make-up and so on. The girls all live together so normally it is very (5) ____competitive__________ (COMPETE). The judges are usuallly an ex-model together with some people who work I fashion like a (6) __photographer____________ (PHOTOGRAPH) or a model agent. Every week they choose one (7) _____lucky_________ (LUCK) model to send home. AT the end the people watching get to vote for their (8) ______lucky________ (FAVOUR) model. It shows that modeling is a lot (9) ______harder________ (HARD) than many people think, but the girls don’t have to be glamorous as long as they have a very individual look. However, the model who is (10) ______finally________ (FINAL) chosen doens;t always become successful.
II. READING
Exercise 1: Read the following text. Decide if the statements from 1 to 5 are True (T) or False (F).
LIFE IN AN ISLAND
Off the west coast of Scotland, there are many small island communities. Life in these communities is very different from life in the big cities. People from the cities often say that life in the islands is slow and boring. But the island people tell a different story.
Many families live by fishing or farming, and people usually have more than one job. Many families have rooms for tourists who come to visit the islands in summer. The tourists go walking and fishing and play sports. Sometimes they study Gaelic, the local language. And they stay in a 'bed and breakfast' with a local family or in one of the small island hotels. In the long summer evenings, people meet and talk together. They tell stories of where they live and what they do.
The children on the islands go to small local schools. They have their classes in English and Gaelic. Sometimes there are only eight or ten children in one school! When they are twelve, they go to secondary school in a bigger town on the island. When they finish that school, they decide whether to go to university in a big city, or to stay and work on the island.
1. City people and island people have the same opinion about island life. F
2. People on the islands mainly do one job. F
3. Tourists can stay with local families in summer. T
4. Children on the islands speak two languages at school. T
5. Gaelic is the local language. T
Exercise 2: Read the following text and answer the following questions:
LIFE IN BRITAIN TODAY
Food
British people like good food and more than half of them go to a restaurant every month. Fast food is also very popular – 30% of all adults have a burger every three months, but 46% have fish and chips!
Sport
British don’t do a lot of sports. Only 17% of people go swimming every week, 9% go cycling and 8% play golf. Football is the most popular sport in Britain, 10% of the population play it and 46%watch it.
Cinema and TV
Films are very popular in Britain and about 60% of people between 15 and 24 go to the cinema every month. At home, men watch TV for about 28 hours every week – two hours more than women.
Holidays
British people love going on holiday and have 56 million holidays a year. The most popular destinations in the UK are Cornwall, Devon, Somerset, Dorset and the South Coast. British people also like to go abroad on holiday; 27% go to Spain, 10% go to the USA and 9% go to France. Maybe this is because the weather in Britain isn’t always very good!
1. Which food is popular in Britain?
" Fast food is popular in Britain."
2. Do British people do a lot of sports?
" No, they don't."
3. How many hours every week do men watch TV at home?
" At home, men watch TV for about 28 hours every week."
4. What are the most popular destinations in the UK?
" The most popular destinations in the UK are Cornwall, Devon, Somerset, Dorset and the South Coast."
Cats are one of the most favourite pets of many children in the world.A male cat called a tom and female called a molly or queen. Domescat are two kinds of cats,domes and indoor catsand outdoor cats.Domes cats live with us and they have close relation with humans.domes cats typically weigh between four and five kilograms.Cats have excellent night vision and smell very well,too.The scientists have found that indoor cats can live from 14 to 20 years.The oldest know cat,Creme Puff,lived till 38 years .Cat are very active and more active at night .Cats can sleep a lot ,they usually sleep 12 to 16 hours a day.Some cats can sleep as much as 20 hours per day.The mother cat will teach their children, about how to hunt and it is very funny that they are ready to catch ball,Ropes,your fingers,....if they are moving