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Ta có:
\(2\left(\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n}\right)=\dfrac{2\left(\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n}\right)\left(\sqrt{n+1}+\sqrt{n}\right)}{\left(\sqrt{n+1}+\sqrt{n}\right)}=\dfrac{2}{\sqrt{n+1}+\sqrt{n}}< \dfrac{2}{2\sqrt{n}}=\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{n}}\)
\(\Rightarrow S>2\left(\sqrt{2}-\sqrt{1}+\sqrt{3}-\sqrt{2}+...+\sqrt{101}-\sqrt{100}\right)=2\left(\sqrt{101}-1\right)>18\)
\(2\left(\sqrt{n}-\sqrt{n-1}\right)=\dfrac{2\left(\sqrt{n}-\sqrt{n-1}\right)\left(\sqrt{n}+\sqrt{n-1}\right)}{\left(\sqrt{n}+\sqrt{n-1}\right)}=\dfrac{2}{\sqrt{n}+\sqrt{n-1}}>\dfrac{2}{2\sqrt{n}}=\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{n}}\)
\(\Rightarrow S< 1+2\left(\sqrt{2}-\sqrt{1}+\sqrt{3}-\sqrt{2}+...+\sqrt{100}-\sqrt{99}\right)=1+2\left(\sqrt{100}-1\right)=19\)
\(S=\frac{2}{2}+\frac{2}{2\sqrt{2}}+\frac{2}{2\sqrt{3}}+...+\frac{2}{\sqrt{100}}\)
\(S>\frac{2}{\sqrt{1}+\sqrt{2}}+\frac{2}{\sqrt{2}+\sqrt{3}}+\frac{2}{\sqrt{3}+\sqrt{4}}+...+\frac{2}{\sqrt{100}+\sqrt{101}}\)
\(S>2\left(\sqrt{2}-\sqrt{1}\right)+2\left(\sqrt{3}-\sqrt{2}\right)+...+2\left(\sqrt{101}-\sqrt{100}\right)\)
\(S>2\left(\sqrt{101}-1\right)>2\left(\sqrt{100}-1\right)=18\) (1)
\(S< 1+\frac{2}{\sqrt{1}+\sqrt{2}}+\frac{2}{\sqrt{2}+\sqrt{3}}+...+\frac{2}{\sqrt{99}+\sqrt{100}}\)
\(S< 1+2\left(\sqrt{2}-1\right)+2\left(\sqrt{3}-\sqrt{2}\right)+...+2\left(\sqrt{100}-\sqrt{99}\right)\)
\(S< 1+2\left(\sqrt{100}-1\right)=19\) (2)
(1); (2) \(\Rightarrow18< S< 19\)
\(\sqrt{8}-2\sqrt{32}+3\sqrt{50}\)
= \(\sqrt{2.2^2}-2\sqrt{4^2.2}+3\sqrt{5^2.2}\)
= \(2\sqrt{2}-8\sqrt{2}+15\sqrt{2}\)
= \(9\sqrt{2}\)
\(\dfrac{1}{3}+\sqrt{2}-\dfrac{1}{3}-\sqrt{2}\)
= \(\left(\dfrac{1}{3}-\dfrac{1}{3}\right)\left(\sqrt{2}-\sqrt{2}\right)\)
= 0
Lời giải:
Liên hợp ta thấy:
\(2(\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n})=2.\frac{(n+1)-n}{\sqrt{n+1}+\sqrt{n}}=\frac{2}{\sqrt{n+1}+\sqrt{n}}<\frac{2}{\sqrt{n}+\sqrt{n}}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{n}}(1)\)
\(2(\sqrt{n}-\sqrt{n-1})=2.\frac{n-(n-1)}{\sqrt{n}+\sqrt{n-1}}=\frac{2}{\sqrt{n}+\sqrt{n-1}}>\frac{2}{\sqrt{n}+\sqrt{n}}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{n}}(2)\)
Từ \((1);(2)\Rightarrow 2(\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n})< \frac{1}{\sqrt{n}}< 2(\sqrt{n}-\sqrt{n-1})\)
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Áp dụng vào bài toán:
\(S=1+\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}+...+\frac{1}{\sqrt{100}}>1+2(\sqrt{3}-\sqrt{2})+2(\sqrt{4}-\sqrt{3})+...+2(\sqrt{101}-\sqrt{100})\)
\(\Leftrightarrow S>1+2(\sqrt{101}-\sqrt{2})>18(*)\)
Và:
\(S< 1+2(\sqrt{2}-\sqrt{1})+2(\sqrt{3}-\sqrt{2})+....+2(\sqrt{100}-\sqrt{99})\)
\(\Leftrightarrow S< 1+2(\sqrt{100}-\sqrt{1})=19(**)\)
Từ $(*); (**)$ suy ra $18< S< 19$ (đpcm)