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a) Do ABCD cũng là một hình bình hành nên \(\overrightarrow {DA} + \overrightarrow {DC} = \overrightarrow {DB} \)
\( \Rightarrow \;|\overrightarrow {DA} + \overrightarrow {DC} |\; = \;|\overrightarrow {DB} |\; = DB = a\sqrt 2 \)
b) Ta có: \(\overrightarrow {AD} + \overrightarrow {DB} = \overrightarrow {AB} \) \( \Rightarrow \overrightarrow {AB} - \overrightarrow {AD} = \overrightarrow {DB} \)
\( \Rightarrow \left| {\overrightarrow {AB} - \overrightarrow {AD} } \right| = \left| {\overrightarrow {DB} } \right| = DB = a\sqrt 2 \)
c) Ta có: \(\overrightarrow {DO} = \overrightarrow {OB} \)
\( \Rightarrow \overrightarrow {OA} + \overrightarrow {OB} = \overrightarrow {OA} + \overrightarrow {DO} = \overrightarrow {DO} + \overrightarrow {OA} = \overrightarrow {DA} \)
\( \Rightarrow \left| {\overrightarrow {OA} + \overrightarrow {OB} } \right| = \left| {\overrightarrow {DA} } \right| = DA = a.\)
Ta có: \(AC = BD = \sqrt {A{B^2} + B{C^2}} = \sqrt {{a^2} + {a^2}} = a\sqrt 2 \)
+) \(AB \bot AD \Rightarrow \overrightarrow {AB} \bot \overrightarrow {AD} \Rightarrow \overrightarrow {AB} .\overrightarrow {AD} = 0\)
+) \(\overrightarrow {AB} .\overrightarrow {AC} = \left| {\overrightarrow {AB} } \right|.\left| {\overrightarrow {AC} } \right|.\cos \left( {\overrightarrow {AB} ,\overrightarrow {AC} } \right) = a.a\sqrt 2.\cos 45^\circ = a^2\)
+) \(\overrightarrow {AC} .\overrightarrow {CB} = \left| {\overrightarrow {AC} } \right|.\left| {\overrightarrow {CB} } \right|.\cos \left( {\overrightarrow {AC} ,\overrightarrow {CB} } \right) = a\sqrt 2 .a.\cos 135^\circ = - {a^2}\)
+) \(AC \bot BD \Rightarrow \overrightarrow {AC} \bot \overrightarrow {BD} \Rightarrow \overrightarrow {AC} .\overrightarrow {BD} = 0\)
Chú ý
\(\overrightarrow {a} \bot \overrightarrow {b} \Leftrightarrow \overrightarrow {a} .\overrightarrow {b} = 0\)
a, \(AC=\dfrac{AB}{sin45^o}=\dfrac{a}{\dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2}}=a\sqrt{2}\)
\(\overrightarrow{AB}.\overrightarrow{AC}=AB.AC.cos\widehat{BAC}=a.a\sqrt{2}.cos45^o=a^2\)
b, \(\left(\overrightarrow{AB}+\overrightarrow{AD}\right)\left(\overrightarrow{BD}+\overrightarrow{BC}\right)=\overrightarrow{AC}\left(\overrightarrow{BD}+\overrightarrow{BC}\right)\)
\(=\overrightarrow{AC}.\overrightarrow{BD}+\overrightarrow{AC}.\overrightarrow{BC}\)
\(=AC.BD.cos90^o+AC.AD.cos45^o\)
\(=a\sqrt{2}.a\sqrt{2}.0+a\sqrt{2}.a.\dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2}=a^2\)
c, \(\overrightarrow{AB}.\overrightarrow{BD}=AB.BD.cos135^o=-a.a\sqrt{2}.\dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2}=-a^2\)
d, \(\left(\overrightarrow{AC}-\overrightarrow{AB}\right)\left(2\overrightarrow{AD}-\overrightarrow{AB}\right)=\overrightarrow{BC}.\left(\overrightarrow{AD}+\overrightarrow{BD}\right)\)
\(=\overrightarrow{BC}.\overrightarrow{AD}+\overrightarrow{BC}.\overrightarrow{BD}\)
\(=AD^2+BC.BD.cos45^o\)
\(=a^2+a.a\sqrt{2}.\dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2}=2a^2\)
e, \(\left(\overrightarrow{AB}+\overrightarrow{AC}+\overrightarrow{AD}\right)\left(\overrightarrow{DA}+\overrightarrow{DB}+\overrightarrow{DC}\right)\)
\(=\left(\overrightarrow{AC}+\overrightarrow{AC}\right)\left(\overrightarrow{DB}+\overrightarrow{DB}\right)\)
\(=4.\overrightarrow{AC}.\overrightarrow{DB}=4.AC.DB.cos90^o=0\)
Ta có: \(AB = BC = CD = DA = 1;\)
\(AC = BD = \sqrt {A{B^2} + B{C^2}} = \sqrt {{1^2} + {1^2}} = \sqrt 2 \)
a) \(\overrightarrow a = \overrightarrow {OB} - \overrightarrow {OD} = \overrightarrow {OB} + \overrightarrow {DO} = \left( {\overrightarrow {DO} + \overrightarrow {OB} } \right) = \overrightarrow {DB} \)
\( \Rightarrow \left| {\overrightarrow a } \right| = \left| {\overrightarrow {DB} } \right| = DB = \sqrt 2 \)
b) \(\overrightarrow b = \left( {\overrightarrow {OC} - \overrightarrow {OA} } \right) + \left( {\overrightarrow {DB} - \overrightarrow {DC} } \right)\)
\( = \left( {\overrightarrow {OC} + \overrightarrow {AO} } \right) + \left( {\overrightarrow {DB} + \overrightarrow {CD} } \right) = \left( {\overrightarrow {AO} + \overrightarrow {OC} } \right) + \left( {\overrightarrow {CD} + \overrightarrow {DB} } \right)\)
\( = \overrightarrow {AC} + \overrightarrow {CB} = \overrightarrow {AB} \)
\( \Rightarrow \left| {\overrightarrow b } \right| = \left| {\overrightarrow {AB} } \right| = AB = 1\)
Chú ý khi giải:
Khi có dấu trừ phía trước ta thường thay bằng vectơ đối của nó và ngược lại
\(\left|\overrightarrow{OA}-\overrightarrow{CB}\right|=\left|\overrightarrow{OA}+\overrightarrow{BC}\right|=\left|\overrightarrow{OA}+\overrightarrow{AD}\right|=\left|\overrightarrow{OD}\right|=OD=\dfrac{1}{2}BD=\dfrac{a\sqrt{2}}{2}\)
\(\left|\overrightarrow{AB}+\overrightarrow{DC}\right|=\left|\overrightarrow{AB}+\overrightarrow{AB}\right|=2\left|\overrightarrow{AB}\right|=2AB=2a\)
\(\left|\overrightarrow{CD}-\overrightarrow{DA}\right|=\left|\overrightarrow{CD}+\overrightarrow{AD}\right|=\left|\overrightarrow{BA}+\overrightarrow{AD}\right|=\left|\overrightarrow{BD}\right|=BD=a\sqrt{2}\)
a: AB=BC=CD=DA=6a
\(AC=BD=\sqrt{\left(6a\right)^2+\left(6a\right)^2}=6a\sqrt{2}\)
\(\left|\overrightarrow{AB}-\overrightarrow{AC}\right|=\left|\overrightarrow{CA}+\overrightarrow{AB}\right|=CB=6a\)
\(\left|\overrightarrow{BC}+\overrightarrow{BD}\right|=\sqrt{BC^2+BD^2+2\cdot BC\cdot BD\cdot cos45}\)
\(=\sqrt{36a^2+72a^2+\sqrt{2}\cdot6a\cdot6a\sqrt{2}}\)
\(=6a\sqrt{5}\)
b: \(\overrightarrow{AB}\cdot\overrightarrow{AC}=AB\cdot AC\cdot cos\left(\overrightarrow{AB},\overrightarrow{AC}\right)=6a\cdot6a\sqrt{2}\cdot\dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\)
\(=36a^2\)
+) ABCD là hình thoi nên cũng là hình bình hành
Áp dụng quy tắc hình bình hành ta có:
\(\overrightarrow p = \overrightarrow {AB} + \overrightarrow {AD} = \overrightarrow {AC} \)
\(\Rightarrow |\overrightarrow p| = | \overrightarrow {AC}| =AC \)
+) \(\overrightarrow u = \overrightarrow {AB} - \overrightarrow {AD} = \overrightarrow {DB} \)
\(\Rightarrow |\overrightarrow u| = | \overrightarrow {DB}| =DB\)
+) \(\overrightarrow v = 2\overrightarrow {AB} - \overrightarrow {AC} = \overrightarrow {AB} + \left( {\overrightarrow {AB} - \overrightarrow {AC} } \right) = \overrightarrow {AB} + \overrightarrow {CB} \)\( = \overrightarrow {AB} + \overrightarrow {DA} = \overrightarrow {DB} \)
\(\Rightarrow |\overrightarrow v| = | \overrightarrow {DB}| =DB\)
+ Tính \(AC, DB\)
Tam giác ABD có \(AB=AD=a, \widehat A = 60^o\) nên nó là tam giác đều. Do đó DB = a.
Gọi O là giao điểm hai đường chéo.
Ta có: \(AO = AB. \sin B = a. \sin 60^o = \frac {a \sqrt 3}{2} \Rightarrow AC = a \sqrt 3\)
Vậy \(|\overrightarrow p| = a \sqrt 3 ,|\overrightarrow u| = a, |\overrightarrow v| = a.\)
a) Ta có: \(AC = \sqrt {A{B^2} + A{D^2}} = \sqrt {2{a^2}} = a\sqrt 2 \)
\( \Rightarrow \overrightarrow {AB} .\overrightarrow {AC} = a.a\sqrt 2 .\cos \widehat {BAC} = {a^2}\sqrt 2 \cos {45^o} = {a^2}.\)
b) Dễ thấy: \(AC \bot BD \Rightarrow (\overrightarrow {AC} ,\overrightarrow {BD} ) = {90^o}\)
\( \Rightarrow \overrightarrow {AC} .\overrightarrow {BD} = AC.BD.\cos {90^o} = AC.BD.0 = 0.\)
a) \(\begin{array}{l}\overrightarrow a = \left( {\overrightarrow {AC} + \overrightarrow {BD} } \right) + \overrightarrow {CB} = \left( {\overrightarrow {AC} + \overrightarrow {CB} } \right) + \overrightarrow {BD} \\ = \overrightarrow {AB} + \overrightarrow {BD} = \overrightarrow {AD}\\ \Rightarrow |{\overrightarrow a}|= \left| {\overrightarrow {AD} } \right| = AD = 1\end{array}\)
b) \(\begin{array}{l}\overrightarrow a = \overrightarrow {AB} + \overrightarrow {AD} + \overrightarrow {BC} + \overrightarrow {DA} = \left( {\overrightarrow {AB} + \overrightarrow {BC} } \right) + \left( {\overrightarrow {AD} + \overrightarrow {DA} } \right)\\ = \overrightarrow {AC} + \overrightarrow {AA} = \overrightarrow {AC} + \overrightarrow 0 = \overrightarrow {AC} \end{array}\)
\(AC = \sqrt {A{B^2} + B{C^2}} = \sqrt {{1^2} + {1^2}} = \sqrt 2 \)
\(\Rightarrow |{\overrightarrow a}|= \left| {\overrightarrow {AC} } \right| = \sqrt 2 \)