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\(\dfrac{1}{\left(n+1\right)\sqrt{n}+n\sqrt{n+1}}=\dfrac{\left(n+1\right)\sqrt{n}-n\sqrt{n+1}}{\left(n+1\right)^2n-n^2\left(n+1\right)}\)
\(=\dfrac{\left(n+1\right)\sqrt{n}-n\sqrt{n+1}}{n\left(n+1\right)}=\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{n}}-\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{n+1}}\)
Do đó:
\(VT=\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{1}}-\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}+\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}-\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{3}}+...+\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{n}}-\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{n+1}}\)
\(VT=1-\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{n+1}}< 1\) (đpcm)
Lời giải:
Đặt \(P=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{4}}+...+\frac{1}{\sqrt{n}}\)
Ta có:
\(\frac{P}{2}=\frac{1}{2\sqrt{2}}+\frac{1}{2\sqrt{3}}+\frac{1}{2\sqrt{4}}+...+\frac{1}{2\sqrt{n}}\)
\(< \frac{1}{\sqrt{1}+\sqrt{2}}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}+\sqrt{3}}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}+\sqrt{4}}+....+\frac{1}{\sqrt{n-1}+\sqrt{n}}(1)\)
Mà:
\(\frac{1}{\sqrt{1}+\sqrt{2}}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}+\sqrt{3}}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}+\sqrt{4}}+....+\frac{1}{\sqrt{n-1}+\sqrt{n}}=\frac{(\sqrt{2}-\sqrt{1})(\sqrt{2}+\sqrt{1})}{\sqrt{1}+\sqrt{2}}+\frac{(\sqrt{3}-\sqrt{2})(\sqrt{3}+\sqrt{2})}{\sqrt{2}+\sqrt{3}}+\frac{(\sqrt{4}-\sqrt{3})(\sqrt{4}+\sqrt{3})}{\sqrt{3}+\sqrt{4}}+....+\frac{(\sqrt{n}-\sqrt{n-1})(\sqrt{n}+\sqrt{n-1})}{\sqrt{n-1}+\sqrt{n}}\)
\(=(\sqrt{2}-\sqrt{1})+(\sqrt{3}-\sqrt{2})+...+(\sqrt{n}-\sqrt{n-1})\)
\(=\sqrt{n}-1(2)\)
Từ \((1);(2)\Rightarrow \frac{P}{2}< \sqrt{n}-1\Rightarrow P< 2\sqrt{n}-2\)
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Tương tự:
\(\frac{P}{2}>\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}+\sqrt{3}}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}+\sqrt{4}}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{4}+\sqrt{5}}+...+\frac{1}{\sqrt{n-1}+\sqrt{n}}+\frac{1}{2\sqrt{n}}=\sqrt{n}-\sqrt{2}+\frac{1}{2\sqrt{n}}\)
\(\Rightarrow P> 2\sqrt{n}-2\sqrt{2}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{n}}\)
Mà \(2\sqrt{n}-2\sqrt{2}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{n}}> 2\sqrt{n}-3\Rightarrow P>2\sqrt{n}-3\)
Ta có đpcm.
Lời giải:
Xét số hạng tổng quát:
\(\frac{1}{(n+1)\sqrt{n}}=\frac{(\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n})(\sqrt{n+1}+\sqrt{n})}{(n+1)\sqrt{n}}<\frac{(\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n}).2\sqrt{n+1}}{(n+1)\sqrt{n}}\)
Hay \(\frac{1}{(n+1)\sqrt{n}}< \frac{2\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n}}{\sqrt{n(n+1)}}=\frac{2}{\sqrt{n}}-\frac{2}{\sqrt{n+1}}\)
Áp dụng vào bài toán:
\(\frac{1}{2\sqrt{1}}+\frac{1}{3\sqrt{2}}+\frac{1}{4\sqrt{3}}+...+\frac{1}{(n+1)\sqrt{n}}< \frac{2}{\sqrt{1}}-\frac{2}{\sqrt{2}}+\frac{2}{\sqrt{2}}-\frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}+\frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}-\frac{2}{\sqrt{4}}+....+\frac{2}{\sqrt{n}}-\frac{2}{\sqrt{n+1}}=2-\frac{2}{\sqrt{n+1}}< 2\)
Ta có đpcm.
Câu 1:
\(\sqrt{x-a}+\sqrt{y-b}+\sqrt{z-c}=\dfrac{1}{2}\left(x+y+z\right)\\ \Leftrightarrow2\sqrt{x-a}+2\sqrt{y-b}+2\sqrt{z-c}=x+y+z\\ \Leftrightarrow x+y+z-2\sqrt{x-a}-2\sqrt{y-b}-2\sqrt{z-c}=0\\ \Leftrightarrow x+y+z-2\sqrt{x-a}-2\sqrt{y-b}-2\sqrt{z-c}+3-a-b-c=0\\ \Leftrightarrow\left[\left(x-a\right)-2\sqrt{x-a}+1\right]+\left[\left(y-b\right)-2\sqrt{y-b}+1\right]+\left[\left(z-c\right)-2\sqrt{z-c}+1\right]=0\\ \Leftrightarrow\left(\sqrt{x-a}-1\right)^2+\left(\sqrt{y-b}-1\right)^2+\left(\sqrt{z-c}-1\right)^2=0\\ \Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\sqrt{x-a}-1=0\\\sqrt{y-b}-1=0\\\sqrt{z-c}-1=0\end{matrix}\right.\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\sqrt{x-a}=1\\\sqrt{y-b}=1\\\sqrt{z-c}=1\end{matrix}\right.\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x-a=1\\y-b=1\\z-c=1\end{matrix}\right.\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x=a+1\\y=b+1\\z=c+1\end{matrix}\right.\)Vậy \(\left\{x;y;z\right\}=\left\{a+1;b+1;c+1\right\}\)
Câu 2:
\(\text{ a) Ta có }:\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{n}}=\dfrac{2}{\sqrt{n}+\sqrt{n}}< \dfrac{2}{\sqrt{n-1}+\sqrt{n}}=\dfrac{2\left(\sqrt{n}-\sqrt{n-1}\right)}{\left(\sqrt{n-1}+\sqrt{n}\right)\left(\sqrt{n}-\sqrt{n-1}\right)}\\ =\dfrac{2\left(\sqrt{n}-\sqrt{n-1}\right)}{n-n+1}=2\left(\sqrt{n}-\sqrt{n-1}\right)\left(1\right)\)
\(\text{Lại có: }\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{n}}=\dfrac{2}{\sqrt{n}+\sqrt{n}}>\dfrac{2}{\sqrt{n+1}+\sqrt{n}}=\dfrac{2\left(\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n}\right)}{\left(\sqrt{n+1}+\sqrt{n}\right)\left(\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n}\right)}\\ =\dfrac{2\left(\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n}\right)}{n+1-n}=2\left(\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n}\right)\left(2\right)\)
Từ \(\left(1\right)\) và \(\left(2\right)\Rightarrow2\left(\sqrt{n+1}-n\right)< \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{n}}< 2\left(\sqrt{n}-\sqrt{n-1}\right)\)
b) Áp dụng bất đảng thức ở câu a:
\(\Rightarrow S=1+\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}+\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{3}}+...+\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{100}}\\ >2\left(\sqrt{101}-\sqrt{100}\right)+...+\left(\sqrt{4}-\sqrt{3}\right)+\left(\sqrt{3}-\sqrt{2}\right)+\left(\sqrt{2}-\sqrt{1}\right)\\ =2\left(\sqrt{101}-\sqrt{100}+...+\sqrt{4}-\sqrt{3}+\sqrt{3}-\sqrt{2}+\sqrt{2}-\sqrt{1}\right)\\ =2\left(\sqrt{101}-\sqrt{1}\right)>2\left(\sqrt{100}-1\right)=2\left(10-1\right)=18\left(3\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow S=1+\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}+\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{3}}+...+\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{100}}< 2\left(\sqrt{100}-\sqrt{99}\right)+...+\left(\sqrt{3}-\sqrt{2}\right)+\left(\sqrt{2}-\sqrt{1}\right)+\left(\sqrt{1}-\sqrt{0}\right)\\ =2\left(\sqrt{100}-\sqrt{99}+...+\sqrt{3}-\sqrt{2}+\sqrt{2}-\sqrt{1}+\sqrt{1}\right)\\ =2\cdot\sqrt{100}=2\cdot10=20\left(4\right)\)
Từ \(\left(3\right)\) và \(\left(4\right)\Rightarrow18< S< 20\)
\(A=\sqrt{4+\sqrt{4+\sqrt{4}+...}}\\ \)>0
a)
\(A=\sqrt{4+A}\Leftrightarrow A^2=4+A\Leftrightarrow A^2-A-4=0\)
\(\Delta=1+16=17\)
\(A_1=\dfrac{1+\sqrt{17}}{2}< \dfrac{1+5}{2}=3\)
\(A_2=\dfrac{1-\sqrt{17}}{2}\)<0 loại
Vậy A < 3
b) Chứng minh quy nạp
(13+23+.....+n3)=(1+2+3+...+n)2=> KL
b).đặt \(A=\sqrt{1^3+2^3+3^3+...+n^3}\)
ta có hằng đẳng thức: \(x^3-x=\left(x-1\right)x\left(x+1\right)\)
\(1^3+2^3+3^3+...+n^3=1^3-1+2^3-2+3^3-3+...+n^3-n+\left(1+2+3+...+n\right)\)\(=0+1.2.3+2.3.4+...+\left(n-1\right)n\left(n+1\right)+\dfrac{n\left(n+1\right)}{2}\)(*)
Xét \(B=1.2.3+2.3.4+...+\left(n-1\right)n\left(n+1\right)\)
\(4B=1.2.3.4+2.3.4.4+...+\left(n-1\right)n\left(n+1\right).4=1.2.3.4+2.3.4.5-1.2.3.4+...+\left(n-1\right)n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)-\left(n-2\right)\left(n-1\right)n\left(n+1\right)\)
\(=\left(n-1\right)n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow B=\dfrac{\left(n-1\right)n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)}{4}\)
từ (*): \(1^3+2^3+...+n^3=\dfrac{\left(n-1\right)n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)}{4}+\dfrac{n\left(n+1\right)}{2}\)
\(=\dfrac{n\left(n+1\right)}{2}\left[\dfrac{\left(n-1\right)\left(n+2\right)}{2}+1\right]=\dfrac{n\left(n+1\right)}{2}.\dfrac{n^2+n-2+2}{2}=\left[\dfrac{n\left(n+1\right)}{2}\right]^2\)
do đó \(A=\sqrt{\left[\dfrac{n\left(n+1\right)}{2}\right]^2}=\dfrac{n\left(n+1\right)}{2}=1+2+...+n\)(đpcm)
2/ \(\sqrt{4+\sqrt{4+...+\sqrt{4}}}< \sqrt{6+\sqrt{6+\sqrt{6+...+\sqrt{7+\sqrt{4}}}}}=3\)
1/ Ta có:
\(\sqrt{1+\dfrac{1}{n^2}+\dfrac{1}{\left(n+1\right)^2}}=\sqrt{\left(\dfrac{n^2+n+1}{n\left(n+1\right)}\right)^2}=\dfrac{n\left(n+1\right)+1}{n\left(n+1\right)}=1+\dfrac{1}{n}-\dfrac{1}{n+1}\)
\(\Rightarrow C=99+\dfrac{1}{1}-\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{2}-\dfrac{1}{3}+...+\dfrac{1}{99}-\dfrac{1}{100}=100-\dfrac{1}{100}=\dfrac{9999}{100}\)
\(a,\sqrt{22-12\sqrt{2}}+\sqrt{6+4\sqrt{2}}=\sqrt{\left(3\sqrt{2}-2\right)^2}+\sqrt{\left(2+\sqrt{2}\right)^2}\\ =3\sqrt{2}-2+2+\sqrt{2}=4\sqrt{2}\\ b,\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{n}+\sqrt{n+1}}=\dfrac{\sqrt{n}-\sqrt{n+1}}{n-n-1}\\ =\dfrac{\sqrt{n}-\sqrt{n+1}}{-1}=\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n}\)
a) \(\sqrt{22-12\sqrt{2}}+\sqrt{6+4\sqrt{2}}\)
\(=\sqrt{\left(3\sqrt{2}-2\right)^2}+\sqrt{\left(2+\sqrt{2}\right)^2}\)
\(=3\sqrt{2}-2+2+\sqrt{2}=4\sqrt{2}\)
b) \(\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{n}+\sqrt{n+1}}=\dfrac{\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n}}{n+1-n}=\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n}\)