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1.
\(5=3xy+x+y\ge3xy+2\sqrt{xy}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(\sqrt{xy}-1\right)\left(3\sqrt{xy}+5\right)\le0\Rightarrow xy\le1\)
\(P=\dfrac{\left(x+1\right)\left(x^2+1\right)+\left(y+1\right)\left(y^2+1\right)}{\left(x^2+1\right)\left(y^2+1\right)}-\sqrt{9-5xy}\)
\(P=\dfrac{\left(x+y\right)^3-3xy\left(x+y\right)+\left(x+y\right)^2-2xy+x+y+2}{x^2y^2+\left(x+y\right)^2-2xy+1}-\sqrt{9-5xy}\)
Đặt \(xy=a\Rightarrow0< a\le1\)
\(P=\dfrac{\left(5-3a\right)^3-3a\left(5-3a\right)+\left(5-3a\right)^2-2a+5-3a+2}{a^2+\left(5-3a\right)^2-2a+1}-\sqrt{9-5a}\)
\(P=\dfrac{-27a^3+153a^2-275a+157}{10a^2-32a+26}-\dfrac{1}{2}.2\sqrt{9-5a}\)
\(P\ge\dfrac{-27a^3+153a^2-275a+157}{10a^2-32a+26}-\dfrac{1}{4}\left(4+9-5a\right)\)
\(P\ge\dfrac{-29a^3+161a^2-277a+145}{4\left(5a^2-16a+13\right)}=\dfrac{\left(1-a\right)\left(29a^2-132a+145\right)}{4\left(5a^2-16a+13\right)}\)
\(P\ge\dfrac{\left(1-a\right)\left[29a^2+132\left(1-a\right)+13\right]}{4\left(5a^2-16a+13\right)}\ge0\)
\(P_{min}=0\) khi \(a=1\) hay \(x=y=1\)
Hai phân thức của P rất khó làm gọn bằng AM-GM hoặc Cauchy-Schwarz (nó hơi chặt)
2.
Đặt \(A=9^n+62\)
Do \(9^n⋮3\) với mọi \(n\in Z^+\) và 62 ko chia hết cho 3 nên \(A⋮̸3\)
Mặt khác tích của k số lẻ liên tiếp sẽ luôn chia hết cho 3 nếu \(k\ge3\)
\(\Rightarrow\) Bài toán thỏa mãn khi và chỉ khi \(k=2\)
Do tích của 2 số lẻ liên tiếp đều không chia hết cho 3, gọi 2 số đó lần lượt là \(6m-1\) và \(6m+1\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(6m-1\right)\left(6m+1\right)=9^n+62\)
\(\Leftrightarrow36m^2=9^n+63\)
\(\Leftrightarrow4m^2=9^{n-1}+7\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(2m\right)^2-\left(3^{n-1}\right)^2=7\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(2m-3^{n-1}\right)\left(2m+3^{n-1}\right)=7\)
Pt ước số cơ bản, bạn tự giải tiếp
\(abc\ge\left(a+b-c\right)\left(b+c-a\right)\left(c+a-b\right)\)
\(\Leftrightarrow abc\ge\left(3-2a\right)\left(3-2b\right)\left(3-2c\right)\)
\(\Leftrightarrow9abc\ge12\left(ab+bc+ca\right)-27\)
\(\Rightarrow abc\ge\dfrac{4}{3}\left(ab+bc+ca\right)-3\)
\(P\ge\dfrac{9}{a\left(b^2+bc+c^2\right)+b\left(c^2+ca+a^2\right)+c\left(a^2+ab+b^2\right)}+\dfrac{abc}{ab+bc+ca}=\dfrac{9}{\left(ab+bc+ca\right)\left(a+b+c\right)}+\dfrac{abc}{ab+bc+ca}\)
\(\Rightarrow P\ge\dfrac{3}{ab+bc+ca}+\dfrac{abc}{ab+bc+ca}=\dfrac{3+abc}{ab+bc+ca}\)
\(\Rightarrow P\ge\dfrac{3+\dfrac{4}{3}\left(ab+bc+ca\right)-3}{ab+bc+ca}=\dfrac{4}{3}\)
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(a=b=c=1\)
\(Q=\sum\dfrac{\left(a+b\right)^2}{\sqrt{2\left(b+c\right)^2+bc}}\ge\sum\dfrac{\left(a+b\right)^2}{\sqrt{2\left(b+c\right)^2+\dfrac{1}{4}\left(b+c\right)^2}}=\dfrac{2}{3}\sum\dfrac{\left(a+b\right)^2}{b+c}\)
\(Q\ge\dfrac{2}{3}.\dfrac{\left(a+b+b+c+c+a\right)^2}{a+b+b+c+c+a}=\dfrac{4}{3}\left(a+b+c\right)=\dfrac{4}{3}\)
\(\dfrac{1}{\left(a+b+a+c\right)^2}\le\dfrac{1}{4\left(a+b\right)\left(a+c\right)}=\dfrac{1}{4\left(a^2+ab+bc+ca\right)}\le\dfrac{1}{64}\left(\dfrac{1}{a^2}+\dfrac{1}{ab}+\dfrac{1}{bc}+\dfrac{1}{ca}\right)\)
\(\le\dfrac{1}{64}\left(\dfrac{1}{a^2}+\dfrac{1}{a^2}+\dfrac{1}{b^2}+\dfrac{1}{c^2}\right)=\dfrac{1}{64}\left(\dfrac{2}{a^2}+\dfrac{1}{b^2}+\dfrac{1}{c^2}\right)\)
Tương tự và cộng lại:
\(P\le\dfrac{1}{64}\left(\dfrac{4}{a^2}+\dfrac{4}{b^2}+\dfrac{4}{c^2}\right)=\dfrac{1}{16}.3=\dfrac{3}{16}\)
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(a=b=c=1\)
Áp dụng bđt: \(\dfrac{1}{x+y}\le\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{1}{x}+\dfrac{1}{y}\right)\left(1\right)\)
\(\dfrac{1}{2a+b+c}=\dfrac{1}{\left(a+b\right)+\left(a+c\right)}\le\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{1}{a+b}+\dfrac{1}{a+c}\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow P\le\dfrac{1}{16}\left[\left(\dfrac{1}{a+b}+\dfrac{1}{a+c}\right)^2+\left(\dfrac{1}{a+b}+\dfrac{1}{b+c}\right)^2+\left(\dfrac{1}{b+c}+\dfrac{1}{a+c}\right)^2\right]\)\(\Rightarrow16P\le\dfrac{2}{\left(a+b\right)^2}+\dfrac{2}{\left(b+c\right)^2}+\dfrac{2}{\left(a+c\right)^2}+\dfrac{2}{\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)}+\dfrac{2}{\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)}+\dfrac{2}{\left(b+c\right)\left(c+a\right)}\)
Áp dụng: \(x^2+y^2+z^2\ge xy+yz+xz\left(2\right)\) với a+b=x,b+c=y,c+a=z
\(\Rightarrow16P\le\dfrac{4}{\left(a+b\right)^2}+\dfrac{4}{\left(b+c\right)^2}+\dfrac{4}{\left(c+a\right)^2}\)
Ta có: \(\dfrac{1}{\left(a+b\right)^2}\le4.16.\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}\right)^2\)(do (1))
\(\Rightarrow16P\le\dfrac{1}{4}.16\left[\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}\right)^2+\left(\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}\right)^2+\left(\dfrac{1}{c}+\dfrac{1}{a}\right)^2\right]=\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{1}{a^2}+\dfrac{1}{b^2}+\dfrac{1}{c^2}+\dfrac{2}{ab}+\dfrac{2}{bc}+\dfrac{2}{ca}\right)\le\dfrac{1}{4}.4.\left(\dfrac{1}{a^2}+\dfrac{1}{b^2}+\dfrac{1}{c^2}\right)=3\)(do(2) và \(\dfrac{1}{a^2}+\dfrac{1}{b^2}+\dfrac{1}{c^2}=3\))
\(\Rightarrow P\le\dfrac{3}{16}\)
\(ĐTXR\Leftrightarrow a=b=c=1\)
Lời giải:
Áp dụng BĐT Cauchy-Schwarz và AM-GM:
$M=\frac{b^2+c^2}{a^2}+a^2(\frac{1}{b^2}+\frac{1}{c^2})$
$\geq \frac{b^2+c^2}{a^2}+a^2.\frac{4}{b^2+c^2}$
$=(\frac{b^2+c^2}{a^2}+\frac{a^2}{b^2+c^2})+\frac{3a^2}{b^2+c^2}$
$\geq \sqrt{\frac{b^2+c^2}{a^2}.\frac{a^2}{b^2+c^2}}+\frac{3(b^2+c^2)}{b^2+c^2}$
$=2+3=5$
Vậy $M_{\min}=5$
Bài 2 tớ nhầm nhé, là b2