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Bài 1: Đọc đoạn văn sau và trả lời câu hỏi. Weather forecast from dawn to dusk on 10 March General: Cloudy, some rain Areas of flow pressure will move east across the British Isles Southeast and Eastern England: Cloudy, a little rain or mist in places at first. Some sunny intervals developing. Wind southerly light to moderate. Mild maximum temperature 11 to 12°C. Central, Northwest, Northern and Northeast England: Mostly cloudy, some sunny intervals rain spreading...
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Bài 1: Đọc đoạn văn sau và trả lời câu hỏi.

Weather forecast from dawn to dusk on 10 March

General:

Cloudy, some rain

Areas of flow pressure will move east across the British Isles

Southeast and Eastern England:

Cloudy, a little rain or mist in places at first. Some sunny intervals developing. Wind southerly light to moderate. Mild maximum temperature 11 to 12°C.

Central, Northwest, Northern and Northeast England:

Mostly cloudy, some sunny intervals rain spreading from west later. Wind southerly, moderate to strong. Temperature a little above normal maximum 10 to 12°C.

Southwest England and Wales:

Cloudy, rain spreading from West, continuing well into the night. Wind southerly moderate. Temperature a little above normal, maximum 10 to 12°C.

Central, Southern and Northwest Scotland:

Cloudy, occasional rain or mist, more steady rain spreading from West. Wind southerly, moderate or strong.Temperature a little above normal, maximum 8 to 10°C.

Northeast Scotland, Orkney, Shetland:

Mostly cloudy, a little rain or mist, more steady rain later. Wind southerly strong. Temperature a little above normal, 7 to 9°C

Outlook for the next 24 hours

Occasional rain in some areas will die out and be followed by brighter weather spreading from the west. Mild at first, becoming cooler.

1.In which part of the British Isles will the weather be driest on 10 March?

A. Southeast and Eastern England

B. Central, Northwest, Northern and Northeast England

C. Southwest England and Wales

D. Central, Southwest and Northwest Scotland

2. In general, the pattern of weather across the British Isles on 10 March is that

A. rain will die out later in the day.

B. rain will increase during the day.

C. it will rain on and off all day.

D. will rain steadily in most places.

3. Where will there be most rain during the day?

A. Southeast and Eastern England

B. Central, Northwest, Northern and Northeast England

C. South England and Wales

D. North east Scotland, Orkney, Shetland

4. The temperature will not rise above 10°C in the following area

A. Southeast and Eastern England

B. Central, Northwest, Northern and Northeast England

C. South West England and Wales

D. Central, Southern and Northwest Scotland

5. It appears that in general the weather on 11 March will be

A. very much the same

B. much wetter

C. much warmer

D. more sunny

1
20 tháng 9 2020

Bài 1: Đọc đoạn văn sau và trả lời câu hỏi.

Weather forecast from dawn to dusk on 10 March

General:

Cloudy, some rain

Areas of flow pressure will move east across the British Isles

Southeast and Eastern England:

Cloudy, a little rain or mist in places at first. Some sunny intervals developing. Wind southerly light to moderate. Mild maximum temperature 11 to 12°C.

Central, Northwest, Northern and Northeast England:

Mostly cloudy, some sunny intervals rain spreading from west later. Wind southerly, moderate to strong. Temperature a little above normal maximum 10 to 12°C.

Southwest England and Wales:

Cloudy, rain spreading from West, continuing well into the night. Wind southerly moderate. Temperature a little above normal, maximum 10 to 12°C.

Central, Southern and Northwest Scotland:

Cloudy, occasional rain or mist, more steady rain spreading from West. Wind southerly, moderate or strong.Temperature a little above normal, maximum 8 to 10°C.

Northeast Scotland, Orkney, Shetland:

Mostly cloudy, a little rain or mist, more steady rain later. Wind southerly strong. Temperature a little above normal, 7 to 9°C

Outlook for the next 24 hours

Occasional rain in some areas will die out and be followed by brighter weather spreading from the west. Mild at first, becoming cooler.

1.In which part of the British Isles will the weather be driest on 10 March?

A. Southeast and Eastern England

B. Central, Northwest, Northern and Northeast England

C. Southwest England and Wales

D. Central, Southwest and Northwest Scotland

2. In general, the pattern of weather across the British Isles on 10 March is that

A. rain will die out later in the day.

B. rain will increase during the day.

C. it will rain on and off all day.

D. will rain steadily in most places.

3. Where will there be most rain during the day?

A. Southeast and Eastern England

B. Central, Northwest, Northern and Northeast England

C. South England and Wales

D. North east Scotland, Orkney, Shetland

4. The temperature will not rise above 10°C in the following area

A. Southeast and Eastern England

B. Central, Northwest, Northern and Northeast England

C. South West England and Wales

D. Central, Southern and Northwest Scotland

5. It appears that in general the weather on 11 March will be

A. very much the same

B. much wetter

C. much warmer

D. more sunny

#maymay#

Câu VII. Đọc đoạn văn sau và trả lời các câu hỏi. (0,8 điểm)Tropical rain forests are found in Amazon region of South America, Central America,Africa, and South and Southeast Asia. Rain forests are very important to the world’s climate.The Amazon rain forest alone receives about 30 to 40 % of the total rainfall on the earth andproduces about the same percentage of the world’s oxygen. Some scientists believe that thedecreasing size of rain forests will affect the climate on the...
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Câu VII. Đọc đoạn văn sau và trả lời các câu hỏi. (0,8 điểm)
Tropical rain forests are found in Amazon region of South America, Central America,
Africa, and South and Southeast Asia. Rain forests are very important to the world’s climate.
The Amazon rain forest alone receives about 30 to 40 % of the total rainfall on the earth and

produces about the same percentage of the world’s oxygen. Some scientists believe that the
decreasing size of rain forests will affect the climate on the earth, making it uncomfortable or
even dangerous for life. Saving our rain forests is an international problem. One country, or
even a few countries can not solve the problem alone. The nations of the world must work
together to find a solution before it is too late.
1. Where are tropical rain forests found?
2. Are rain forests important to the worlds climate?
3. How much percent of the worlds oxygen does the Amazon rain forest produce?
4. What do scientists think about the decreasing size of rain forests?

1
7 tháng 2 2022

1 Tropical rain forests are found in Amazon region of South America, Central America, Africa, and South and Southeast Asia.

2 Rain forests are very important to the world’s climate.

3 The Amazon rain forest alone receives about 30 to 40 % of the total rainfall on the earth and produces about the same percentage of the world’s oxygen.

4 Some scientists believe that the decreasing size of rain forests will affect the climate on the earth, making it uncomfortable or even dangerous for life.

Câu VI. Đọc đoạn văn sau và trả lời các câu hỏi. (0,8 điểm)A magnitude-9.0 earthquake, also known as the Great East Japan Earthquake, struck in the Pacific Ocean off the northeast coast of Japan's Honshu island on March 11, 2011. It was the most powerful earthquake ever to hit Japan and the fourth largest ever recorded in the world. The earthquake triggered a massive tsunami that flooded more than 200 square miles of Coastal land. Waves estimated to be as high as 38 meters, the...
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Câu VI. Đọc đoạn văn sau và trả lời các câu hỏi. (0,8 điểm)

A magnitude-9.0 earthquake, also known as the Great East Japan Earthquake, struck in the Pacific Ocean off the northeast coast of Japan's Honshu island on March 11, 2011. It was the most powerful earthquake ever to hit Japan and the fourth largest ever recorded in the world. The earthquake triggered a massive tsunami that flooded more than 200 square miles of Coastal land. Waves estimated to be as high as 38 meters, the height of a 12-story building, tore apart Coastal towns and villages, carrying ships inland as thousands of homes were flattened, then washed tons of debris and vehicles back out to sea. Damage to the reactors at TEPCO's Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant then caused a third disaster, contaminating a wide area that still forces nearly 100,000 residents to live as evacuees. Tsunami waves also swept across the Pacific, causing damage or disruptions in Hawaii, California, Oregon, Washington and British Columbia.

Casualties from the earthquake and tsunami in Japan may be 30,000 and close to 500,000 people were forced to evacuate. More than 125,000 buildings have been washed away or seriously damaged; property damage is estimated to be more than $310 billion.

1. Where did the earthquake strike?

2. What caused the tsunami?

3. How many people were evacuated?

4. Were there four or five regions affected by the tsunami?

 
1
5 tháng 5 2023

 In the Pacific Ocean off the northeast coast of Japan's Honshu island

2 The Great East Japan Earthquake

3 nearly 100,000

4 Five regions

5 tháng 5 2023

cảm ơn bạn

 

Câu VII. Đọc đoạn văn và trả lời các câu hỏi. (0,8 điểm)Indonesia is an island nation in Southeast Asia. Its official name is the Republic of Indonesia. It is a member country of the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN). The country's total area is 1,904,443 sq km. The capital of Indonesia is Jakarta and it is also the largest city in the country. Indonesia is the world's fourth most populous country after China, India, and the United States. Islam, which is over...
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Câu VII. Đọc đoạn văn và trả lời các câu hỏi. (0,8 điểm)

Indonesia is an island nation in Southeast Asia. Its official name is the Republic of Indonesia. It is a member country of the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN). The country's total area is 1,904,443 sq km. The capital of Indonesia is Jakarta and it is also the largest city in the country. Indonesia is the world's fourth most populous country after China, India, and the United States. Islam, which is over eighty per cent of the population practice, is the country's official religion. In addition, there are other religions such as Protestantism, Catholicism, Buddhism, Hinduism. The national language is Bahasa Indonesia, which is a modified form of Malay. Besides, about 300 other languages and dialects are spoken. English is increasingly used as the language of business.

1. Where is Indonesia?

________________________________________________________________

2. What is its total square area?

________________________________________________________________

3. Is Bahasa Indonesia the national language in Indonesia?

________________________________________________________________

4. How many official religions are there in Indonesia?

________________________________________________________________

2
7 tháng 3 2022

Indonesia is an island nation in Southeast Asia

The country's total area is 1,904,443 sq km

Yes ,it is

There are four

7 tháng 3 2022

1. Where is Indonesia?

____In Southeast ___Asia_________________________________________________________

2. What is its total square area?

____1,904,443 sq km.____________________________________________________________

3. Is Bahasa Indonesia the national language in Indonesia?

________Yes, it is________________________________________________________

4. How many official religions are there in Indonesia?

____There are 4____________________________________________________________

24 tháng 4 2022

Đoạn văn?

* Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 24 to 30. Weather forecasting Cyclones in India, hurricanes in the Caribbean - severe weather events make news headlines almost weekly. Yet even in Britain, which has comparatively few climate extremes, the country is still governed by weather. If it’s pouring with rain the British might stay indoors or go to the cinema; if it’s fine they’ll have...
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* Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 24 to 30. Weather forecasting Cyclones in India, hurricanes in the Caribbean - severe weather events make news headlines almost weekly. Yet even in Britain, which has comparatively few climate extremes, the country is still governed by weather. If it’s pouring with rain the British might stay indoors or go to the cinema; if it’s fine they’ll have a picnic. Most people nervously study the weather forecast the evening before if they’ve got an important appointment the following day. Even if they have nothing planned, the weather often affects their mood. For individuals, the worst that can usually happen if the weather catches them on the hop is that they get wet. For business, the effects are far more serious. Airlines and shipping companies need to avoid severe weather and storm-force conditions. Power companies need to make sure they can supply the demand for electricity in cold weather; farmers plan their harvests around the forecast and food manufacturers increase their production of salads and other summer foods when fine weather is promised. So who or what do meteorologists - weather forecasters as they are more commonly known - rely on when it comes to producing a forecast? Ninety percent of the information comes from weather satellites, the first of which was launched into space nearly forty years ago and was a minor revolution in the science of forecasting. Up until then, forecasters had relied on human observers to provide details of developing weather systems. As a result, many parts of the world where there were few humans around, especially the oceans, were information-free weather areas. Today, however, satellites can watch weather patterns developing everywhere. In the UK meteorologists have also relied on releasing four weather balloons a day from eight fixed sites. These balloons measure wind, temperature and humidity as they rise upwards to a height of about 26,000 metres. Some commercial aircraft can also be fitted with a range of forecasting instruments although this system has certain disadvantages. For example, it can provide a great deal of information about the weather on popular routes, such as London to New York, but little about the weather on more out-of-the way routes. Instruments aboard ships can also supply basic weather information as well as important data on wave height. Generally, the range of these instruments is fairly limited but they can indicate which direction rain is coming from, how low the cloud is and give an idea of when the weather system will reach land. One forecaster who has made a name for himself is a man called Piers Corbyn, who bases his forecasts on watching the Sun. Most forecasters will offer forecasts for only 10 days ahead, but Corbyn’s forecasts are for 11 months. Although most meteorologists believe that there is no scientific basis for his work, Corbyn’s forecasts are used by insurance companies who want to plan months in advance.

Using airplanes to help forecast the weather is____________.

A. very popular.

B. not expensive.

C. quite new.

D. not ideal.

1
15 tháng 11 2018

                                Câu đề bài: Sử dụng máy bay để giúp dự báo thời tiết là .

Đáp án D: không lí tưởng

Các đáp án còn lại:

A. rất phổ biến

B. không đắt lắm.

C. khá mới mẻ

Thông tin trong bài:

Some commercial aircraft can also he fitted with a range of forecasting instruments although this system has certain disadvantages. For example, it can provide a great deal of information about the weather on popular routes, such as London to New York, hut little about the weather on more out-of-the way routes.

  Một vài máy bay thương mại cũng có thể được thêm vào với một chuỗi những dụng cụ dự báo mặc dù hệ thống nảy cũng có những nhược điểm nhất định. Ví dụ, nó có thể cung cấp rất nhiều thông tin về thời tiết ở những địa điểm phổ biến, như London hay New York, nhưng ta lại ít biết về thời tiết ở những tuyến đường không đi thẳng.

  Nói chung là không lỉ tưởng.

10 tháng 3 2022

A

A

A

D

10 tháng 3 2022

a,a,a,d

* Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 24 to 30. Weather forecasting Cyclones in India, hurricanes in the Caribbean - severe weather events make news headlines almost weekly. Yet even in Britain, which has comparatively few climate extremes, the country is still governed by weather. If it’s pouring with rain the British might stay indoors or go to the cinema; if it’s fine they’ll have...
Đọc tiếp

* Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 24 to 30. Weather forecasting Cyclones in India, hurricanes in the Caribbean - severe weather events make news headlines almost weekly. Yet even in Britain, which has comparatively few climate extremes, the country is still governed by weather. If it’s pouring with rain the British might stay indoors or go to the cinema; if it’s fine they’ll have a picnic. Most people nervously study the weather forecast the evening before if they’ve got an important appointment the following day. Even if they have nothing planned, the weather often affects their mood. For individuals, the worst that can usually happen if the weather catches them on the hop is that they get wet. For business, the effects are far more serious. Airlines and shipping companies need to avoid severe weather and storm-force conditions. Power companies need to make sure they can supply the demand for electricity in cold weather; farmers plan their harvests around the forecast and food manufacturers increase their production of salads and other summer foods when fine weather is promised. So who or what do meteorologists - weather forecasters as they are more commonly known - rely on when it comes to producing a forecast? Ninety percent of the information comes from weather satellites, the first of which was launched into space nearly forty years ago and was a minor revolution in the science of forecasting. Up until then, forecasters had relied on human observers to provide details of developing weather systems. As a result, many parts of the world where there were few humans around, especially the oceans, were information-free weather areas. Today, however, satellites can watch weather patterns developing everywhere. In the UK meteorologists have also relied on releasing four weather balloons a day from eight fixed sites. These balloons measure wind, temperature and humidity as they rise upwards to a height of about 26,000 metres. Some commercial aircraft can also be fitted with a range of forecasting instruments although this system has certain disadvantages. For example, it can provide a great deal of information about the weather on popular routes, such as London to New York, but little about the weather on more out-of-the way routes. Instruments aboard ships can also supply basic weather information as well as important data on wave height. Generally, the range of these instruments is fairly limited but they can indicate which direction rain is coming from, how low the cloud is and give an idea of when the weather system will reach land. One forecaster who has made a name for himself is a man called Piers Corbyn, who bases his forecasts on watching the Sun. Most forecasters will offer forecasts for only 10 days ahead, but Corbyn’s forecasts are for 11 months. Although most meteorologists believe that there is no scientific basis for his work, Corbyn’s forecasts are used by insurance companies who want to plan months in advance.

What does the writer mean by the phrase “catches them on the hop” in paragraph 3?

A. People run for shelter.

B. People are too busy to notice. 

C. People are far from home.

D. people are unprepared.

1
14 tháng 9 2018

                                 Người viết có ý gì qua cụm từ ‘làm khó ai’ trong đoạn văn số 3?

Đáp án D: Mọi người không chuẩn bị.

Các đáp án còn lại:

A. Mọi người chạy tìm chỗ trốn.

B. Mọi người quá bận để chú ý.

C. Mọi người ở xa nhà.

To catch somebody on the hop = to do something when someone is not ready and not able to deal with it.

Thông tin trong bài:

For individuals, the worst that can usually happen if the weather catches them on the hop is that they get wet.

 Đổi với các cả nhân, điều tệ nhất mà thưởng cỏ thể diễn ra nếu như thởi tiết làm khó họ đó là họ bị ướt.

* Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 24 to 30. Weather forecasting Cyclones in India, hurricanes in the Caribbean - severe weather events make news headlines almost weekly. Yet even in Britain, which has comparatively few climate extremes, the country is still governed by weather. If it’s pouring with rain the British might stay indoors or go to the cinema; if it’s fine they’ll have...
Đọc tiếp

* Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 24 to 30. Weather forecasting Cyclones in India, hurricanes in the Caribbean - severe weather events make news headlines almost weekly. Yet even in Britain, which has comparatively few climate extremes, the country is still governed by weather. If it’s pouring with rain the British might stay indoors or go to the cinema; if it’s fine they’ll have a picnic. Most people nervously study the weather forecast the evening before if they’ve got an important appointment the following day. Even if they have nothing planned, the weather often affects their mood. For individuals, the worst that can usually happen if the weather catches them on the hop is that they get wet. For business, the effects are far more serious. Airlines and shipping companies need to avoid severe weather and storm-force conditions. Power companies need to make sure they can supply the demand for electricity in cold weather; farmers plan their harvests around the forecast and food manufacturers increase their production of salads and other summer foods when fine weather is promised. So who or what do meteorologists - weather forecasters as they are more commonly known - rely on when it comes to producing a forecast? Ninety percent of the information comes from weather satellites, the first of which was launched into space nearly forty years ago and was a minor revolution in the science of forecasting. Up until then, forecasters had relied on human observers to provide details of developing weather systems. As a result, many parts of the world where there were few humans around, especially the oceans, were information-free weather areas. Today, however, satellites can watch weather patterns developing everywhere. In the UK meteorologists have also relied on releasing four weather balloons a day from eight fixed sites. These balloons measure wind, temperature and humidity as they rise upwards to a height of about 26,000 metres. Some commercial aircraft can also be fitted with a range of forecasting instruments although this system has certain disadvantages. For example, it can provide a great deal of information about the weather on popular routes, such as London to New York, but little about the weather on more out-of-the way routes. Instruments aboard ships can also supply basic weather information as well as important data on wave height. Generally, the range of these instruments is fairly limited but they can indicate which direction rain is coming from, how low the cloud is and give an idea of when the weather system will reach land. One forecaster who has made a name for himself is a man called Piers Corbyn, who bases his forecasts on watching the Sun. Most forecasters will offer forecasts for only 10 days ahead, but Corbyn’s forecasts are for 11 months. Although most meteorologists believe that there is no scientific basis for his work, Corbyn’s forecasts are used by insurance companies who want to plan months in advance.

What does the writer mean by the phrase “catches them on the hop” in paragraph 3?

A. People run for shelter.

B. People are too busy to notice. 

C. People are far from home.

D. people are unprepared.

1
29 tháng 7 2018

                               Người viết có ý gì qua cụm từ ‘làm khó ai’ trong đoạn văn số 3?

Đáp án D: Mọi người không chuẩn bị.

Các đáp án còn lại:

A. Mọi người chạy tìm chỗ trốn.

B. Mọi người quá bận để chú ý.

C. Mọi người ở xa nhà.

To catch somebody on the hop = to do something when someone is not ready and not able to deal with it.

Thông tin trong bài:

For individuals, the worst that can usually happen if the weather catches them on the hop is that they get wet.

 Đổi với các cả nhân, điều tệ nhất mà thưởng cỏ thể diễn ra nếu như thởi tiết làm khó họ đó là họ bị ướt.

* Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 24 to 30. Weather forecasting Cyclones in India, hurricanes in the Caribbean - severe weather events make news headlines almost weekly. Yet even in Britain, which has comparatively few climate extremes, the country is still governed by weather. If it’s pouring with rain the British might stay indoors or go to the cinema; if it’s fine they’ll have...
Đọc tiếp

* Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 24 to 30. Weather forecasting Cyclones in India, hurricanes in the Caribbean - severe weather events make news headlines almost weekly. Yet even in Britain, which has comparatively few climate extremes, the country is still governed by weather. If it’s pouring with rain the British might stay indoors or go to the cinema; if it’s fine they’ll have a picnic. Most people nervously study the weather forecast the evening before if they’ve got an important appointment the following day. Even if they have nothing planned, the weather often affects their mood. For individuals, the worst that can usually happen if the weather catches them on the hop is that they get wet. For business, the effects are far more serious. Airlines and shipping companies need to avoid severe weather and storm-force conditions. Power companies need to make sure they can supply the demand for electricity in cold weather; farmers plan their harvests around the forecast and food manufacturers increase their production of salads and other summer foods when fine weather is promised. So who or what do meteorologists - weather forecasters as they are more commonly known - rely on when it comes to producing a forecast? Ninety percent of the information comes from weather satellites, the first of which was launched into space nearly forty years ago and was a minor revolution in the science of forecasting. Up until then, forecasters had relied on human observers to provide details of developing weather systems. As a result, many parts of the world where there were few humans around, especially the oceans, were information-free weather areas. Today, however, satellites can watch weather patterns developing everywhere. In the UK meteorologists have also relied on releasing four weather balloons a day from eight fixed sites. These balloons measure wind, temperature and humidity as they rise upwards to a height of about 26,000 metres. Some commercial aircraft can also be fitted with a range of forecasting instruments although this system has certain disadvantages. For example, it can provide a great deal of information about the weather on popular routes, such as London to New York, but little about the weather on more out-of-the way routes. Instruments aboard ships can also supply basic weather information as well as important data on wave height. Generally, the range of these instruments is fairly limited but they can indicate which direction rain is coming from, how low the cloud is and give an idea of when the weather system will reach land. One forecaster who has made a name for himself is a man called Piers Corbyn, who bases his forecasts on watching the Sun. Most forecasters will offer forecasts for only 10 days ahead, but Corbyn’s forecasts are for 11 months. Although most meteorologists believe that there is no scientific basis for his work, Corbyn’s forecasts are used by insurance companies who want to plan months in advance.

Why is the first weather satellite described as a “minor revolution” in paragraph 4?

A. It watches the human observers.

B. It replaced human observers. 

C. It provided extra forecasts.

D. It forecast the weather in space.

1
7 tháng 7 2018

                                 Câu đề bài: Tại sao vệ tinh thời tiết đầu tiên được mô tả là "cuộc cách mạng nhỏ ” trong đoạn số 4?

Đáp án B: Nó thay thế người quan sát.

Các đáp án còn lại:

A. Nó theo dõi các nhà quan sát.

c. Nó cung cấp dự báo bổ sung.

D. Nó dự báo thời tiết trong không gian.

Thông tin trong bài:

... the first of which was launched into space nearly forty years ago and was a minor revolution in the science of forecasting, up until then, forecasters had relied on human observers to provide details of developing weather systems.

... Vệ tinh thời tiết đầu tiên được phóng vào không gian gần 40 năm trước và là một cuộc cách mạng nhỏ trong khoa học dự đoán. Cho đến khi đó, các nhà dự đoán chỉ dựa vào các nhà quan sát để cung cấp các chi tiết để phát triển các hệ thống thởi tiết.