cho n là số tự nhiên, tính
\(\left[\sqrt{1.2.3.4}\right]+\left[\sqrt{2.3.4.5}\right]+...+\left[\sqrt{n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)\left(n+3\right)}\right]\)
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Vì \(n\in Z^+\)nên\(n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)>n^3\Rightarrow\sqrt[3]{n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)}>n\)
\(\Rightarrow\sqrt[3]{n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)+\sqrt[3]{n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)}+...+\sqrt[3]{n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)}}>n\)(1)
Lại có:\(n^2+2n+1>n^2+2n\Rightarrow\left(n+1\right)^2>n\left(n+2\right)\Rightarrow\left(n+1\right)^3>n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow n+1>\sqrt[3]{n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)}\\ \Rightarrow\sqrt[3]{n^3+3n^2+3n+1}>\sqrt[3]{n^3+3n^2+2n}\)
\(\Rightarrow\sqrt[3]{n^3+3n^2+2n+n+1}>\sqrt[3]{n^3+3n^2+2n+\sqrt[3]{n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)}}\)
\(\Rightarrow\sqrt[3]{\left(n+1\right)^3}>\sqrt[3]{n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)+\sqrt[3]{n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)}}\)
Tương tự \(\Rightarrow n+1>\sqrt[3]{n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)+\sqrt[3]{n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)}+...+\sqrt[3]{n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)}}\)(2)
Từ (1) và (2) suy ra:
\(n< \sqrt[3]{n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)+\sqrt[3]{n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)}+...+\sqrt[3]{n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)}}< n+1\)
\(n\in Z^+\)nên n2 < n2 + 2n < n2 + 2n + 1 <=> n2 < n(n + 2) < (n + 1)2 => n3 < n(n + 1)(n + 2) < (n + 1)3
=>\(n< \sqrt[3]{n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)}< n+1\)
=>\(n< \sqrt[3]{n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)}< \sqrt[3]{n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)+n}\)\(< \sqrt[3]{n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)+\sqrt[3]{n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)}}< \sqrt[3]{n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)+n+1}\)\(=\sqrt[3]{\left(n+1\right)\left(n^2+2n+1\right)}=\sqrt[3]{\left(n+1\right)\left(n+1\right)^2}=n+1\)
=>\(n< \sqrt[3]{n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)+n}\)
\(< \sqrt[3]{n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)+\sqrt[3]{n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)+\sqrt[3]{n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)}}}< n+1\)
Tiếp tục như vậy,ta có đpcm.
Chúng ta tính giới hạn sau:
\(\lim\limits_{x\rightarrow1}\dfrac{1-\sqrt[n]{x}}{1-x}\)
Cách đơn giản nhất là sử dụng L'Hopital:
\(\lim\limits_{x\rightarrow1}\dfrac{1-x^{\dfrac{1}{n}}}{1-x}=\lim\limits_{x\rightarrow1}\dfrac{-\dfrac{1}{n}x^{\dfrac{1}{n}-1}}{-1}=\dfrac{1}{n}\)
Phức tạp hơn thì tách mẫu theo hằng đẳng thức
\(=\lim\limits_{x\rightarrow1}\dfrac{1-\sqrt[x]{n}}{\left(1-\sqrt[n]{x}\right)\left(1+\sqrt[n]{x}+\sqrt[n]{x^2}+...+\sqrt[n]{x^{n-1}}\right)}=\lim\limits_{x\rightarrow1}\dfrac{1}{1+\sqrt[n]{x}+\sqrt[n]{x^2}+...+\sqrt[n]{x^{n-1}}}=\dfrac{1}{n}\)
Tóm lại ta có:
\(\lim\limits_{x\rightarrow1}\dfrac{1-\sqrt[n]{x}}{1-x}=\dfrac{1}{n}\)
Do đó:
\(I_1=\lim\limits_{x\rightarrow1}\left(\dfrac{1-\sqrt[2]{x}}{1-x}\right)\left(\dfrac{1-\sqrt[3]{x}}{1-x}\right)...\left(\dfrac{1-\sqrt[n]{x}}{1-x}\right)=\dfrac{1}{2}.\dfrac{1}{3}...\dfrac{1}{n}=\dfrac{1}{n!}\)
Câu 2 cũng vậy: L'Hopital hoặc tách hằng đẳng thức trâu bò (thôi L'Hopital đi cho đỡ sợ)
\(I_2=\lim\limits_{x\rightarrow0}\dfrac{\left(\sqrt{1+x^2}+x\right)^n-\left(\sqrt{1+x^2}-x\right)^n}{x}\)
\(=\lim\limits_{x\rightarrow0}\dfrac{n\left(\sqrt{1+x^2}+x\right)^{n-1}\left(\dfrac{x}{\sqrt{1+x^2}}+1\right)-n\left(\sqrt{1+x^2}-x\right)^{n-1}\left(\dfrac{x}{\sqrt{1+x^2}}-1\right)}{1}\)
\(=\dfrac{n.1-n\left(-1\right)}{1}=2n\)
\(B=\frac{1}{1.2.3.4}+\frac{1}{2.3.4.5}+...+\frac{1}{n.\left(n+1\right).\left(n+2\right)\left(n+3\right)}\)
\(B=\left(\frac{1}{1.2.3}-\frac{1}{2.3.4}\right)+\left(\frac{1}{2.3.4}-\frac{1}{3.4.5}\right)+...+\left(\frac{1}{n.\left(n+1\right).\left(n+2\right)}-\frac{1}{\left(n+1\right).\left(n+2\right)\left(n+3\right)}\right)\)
\(B=\frac{1}{1.2.3}-\frac{1}{2.3.4}+\frac{1}{2.3.4}-\frac{1}{3.4.5}+...+\frac{1}{n.\left(n+1\right).\left(n+2\right)}-\frac{1}{\left(n+1\right).\left(n+2\right).\left(n+3\right)}\)
\(B=\frac{1}{1.2.3}-\frac{1}{\left(n+1\right).\left(n+2\right).\left(n+3\right)}\)
Ta có từ n3 + 1 đến (n + 1)3 - 1 có
(n + 1)3 - 1 - n3 - 1 + 1 = 3n2 + 3n số có phần nguyên bằng n
Áp dụng vào cái ban đầu ta có
\(=\frac{3.1^2+3.1}{1}+\frac{3.2^2+3.2}{2}+...+\frac{3.2011^2+3.2011}{2011}\)
= 3.1 + 3 + 3.2 + 3 + ...+ 3.2011 + 3
= 3.2011 + 3(1 + 2 +...+ 2011)
= 6075231
\(=\lim\dfrac{\left(2+\dfrac{1}{n\sqrt{n}}\right)\left(1+\dfrac{3}{\sqrt{n}}\right)}{\left(1+\dfrac{1}{n}\right)\left(1+\dfrac{2}{n}\right)}=\dfrac{2.1}{1.1}=2\)
Xét số hạng tổng quát \(\frac{n+1}{n}=1+\frac{1}{n}\) . Vì \(0
Ta có \(n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)\left(n+3\right)=n\left(n+3\right)\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)\)
\(=\left(n^2+3n\right)\left(n^2+3n+2\right)\)
Đặt \(n^2+3n=a\in N\Rightarrow\left(n^2+3n\right)\left(n^2+3n+2\right)=a\left(a+2\right)\)
\(=a^2+2a\)
Mà \(a^2\le a^2+2a< a^2+2a+1\Rightarrow a^2\le a^2+2a< \left(a+1\right)^2\)
\(\Rightarrow a\le\sqrt{a^2+2a}< a+1\Rightarrow a\le\left[\sqrt{a^2+2a}\right]< a+1\)
\(\Rightarrow\left[\sqrt{a^2+2a}\right]=a\)
\(\Rightarrow\left[n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)\left(n+3\right)\right]=n^2+3n=n\left(n+3\right)\)
Vậy:
\(\sum\sqrt{n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)\left(n+3\right)}=\sum n\left(n+3\right)=\dfrac{n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+5\right)}{3}\)