Với n thuộc N
Chứng minh: \(A=\dfrac{n^5}{120}+\dfrac{n^4}{12}+\dfrac{7n^3}{24}+\dfrac{5n^2}{12}+\dfrac{n}{5}\)có giá trị nguyên
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`A=n/3+n^2/2+n^3/6`
`=(n^3+3n^2+2n)/6`
`=(n(n^2+3n+2))/6`
`=(n(n+1)(n+2))/6`
Vì `n(n+1)(n+2)` là tích 3 số nguyên liên tiếp
`=>n(n+1)(n+2) vdots 6`
`=>(n(n+1)(n+2))/6 in Z(forall x in Z)`
a) Ta có \(A=\dfrac{n-5}{n-3}=\dfrac{n-3-2}{n-3}=1-\dfrac{2}{n-3}\). Để \(A\inℤ\) thì \(\dfrac{2}{n-3}\inℤ\) hay \(n-3\) là ước của 2. Suy ra \(n-3\in\left\{\pm1;\pm2\right\}\).
Nếu \(n-3=1\Rightarrow n=4\); \(n-3=-1\Rightarrow n=2\); \(n-3=2\Rightarrow n=5\); \(n-3=-2\Rightarrow n=1\). Vậy để \(A\inℤ\) thì \(n\in\left\{1;2;4;5\right\}\)
\(A=\dfrac{n+4}{n+1}\) làm tương tự.
b) Dễ thấy các số ở mẫu có thể viết dưới dạng:
\(10=1+2+3+4=\dfrac{4\left(4+1\right)}{2}=\dfrac{4.5}{2}\)
\(15=1+2+3+4+5=\dfrac{5\left(5+1\right)}{2}=\dfrac{5.6}{2}\)
\(21=1+2+...+6=\dfrac{6\left(6+1\right)}{2}=\dfrac{6.7}{2}\)
...
\(120=1+2+...+15=\dfrac{15\left(15+1\right)}{2}=\dfrac{15.16}{2}\)
Do đó \(A=\dfrac{2}{4.5}+\dfrac{2}{5.6}+\dfrac{2}{6.7}+...+\dfrac{2}{15.16}\)
\(A=2\left(\dfrac{1}{4.5}+\dfrac{1}{5.6}+\dfrac{1}{6.7}+...+\dfrac{1}{15.16}\right)\)
\(A=2\left(\dfrac{5-4}{4.5}+\dfrac{6-5}{5.6}+\dfrac{7-6}{6.7}+...+\dfrac{16-15}{15.16}\right)\)
\(A=2\left(\dfrac{1}{4}-\dfrac{1}{5}+\dfrac{1}{5}-\dfrac{1}{6}+\dfrac{1}{6}-\dfrac{1}{7}+...+\dfrac{1}{15}-\dfrac{1}{16}\right)\)
\(A=2\left(\dfrac{1}{4}-\dfrac{1}{16}\right)\)
\(A=\dfrac{3}{8}\)
\(\frac{a^5}{5}+\frac{a^3}{3}+\frac{7a}{15}\left(n\Rightarrow a\text{ }nha\right)=\frac{a^5}{5}+\frac{a^3}{3}+\frac{7a}{15}=\frac{a^5}{5}+\frac{a^3}{3}+\frac{15a-5a-3a}{15}=\frac{a^5-a}{5}+\frac{a^3-a}{3}+\frac{15a}{15}=\frac{a^5-a}{5}+\frac{a^3-a}{3}+a;a^k-a⋮k\left(a\in Z;1< k\in N\right)\left(fecmat\right)\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}a^5-a⋮5\\a^3-a⋮3\end{matrix}\right.\Rightarrow dpcm\)
\(\frac{a}{12}+\frac{a^2}{8}+\frac{a^3}{24}\left(n\Rightarrow a\text{ nha}\right)=\frac{a^3+3a^2+2a}{24}=\frac{\left(a+2\right)\left(a+1\right)a}{24}.a=2k\left(k\in N\right)\Rightarrow;\frac{a\left(a+1\right)\left(a+2\right)}{24}=\frac{2k.\left(2k+1\right)\left(2k+2\right)}{24}=\frac{k\left(k+1\right)\left(2k+1\right)}{6}\Leftrightarrow k\left(k+1\right)\left(2k+1\right)⋮6\)
\(B=\frac{n^4}{24}+\frac{n^3}{4}+\frac{11n^2}{24}+\frac{n}{4}\)
\(B=\frac{n^4+6n^3+11n^2+6n}{24}\)
\(B=\frac{n^4+2n^3+4n^3+8n^2+3n^2+6n}{24}\)
\(B=\frac{n^3\left(n+2\right)+4n^2\left(n+2\right)+3n\left(n+2\right)}{24}\)
\(B=\frac{\left(n^3+n^2+3n^2+3n\right)\left(n+2\right)}{24}\)
\(B=\frac{n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+3\right)\left(n+2\right)}{24}\)
Lập luận là ra
1) \(\lim\limits_{n\rightarrow\infty}\dfrac{3n^2+5n-3}{-n+5}\)
\(=\lim\limits_{n\rightarrow\infty}\dfrac{n\left(3n+5-\dfrac{3}{n}\right)}{-n\left(1-\dfrac{5}{n}\right)}\)
\(=\lim\limits_{n\rightarrow\infty}\dfrac{3n+5-\dfrac{3}{n}}{-\left(1-\dfrac{5}{n}\right)}\)
\(=\left[{}\begin{matrix}-\infty\left(n\rightarrow+\infty\right)\\+\infty\left(n\rightarrow-\infty\right)\end{matrix}\right.\)
Bài 2,3 tương tự, bạn tự làm nhé!
a, (n+3)2-(n-1)2
= n2+6n+9-n2+2n-1
= 8n + 8
= 8(n+1) chia hết cho 8
Ta có: \(A=\dfrac{1}{5^2}+\dfrac{2}{5^3}+...+\dfrac{11}{5^{12}}\)
\(\Rightarrow5A=\dfrac{1}{5}+\dfrac{2}{5^2}+...+\dfrac{11}{5^{11}}\)
\(\Rightarrow5A-A=\dfrac{1}{5}+\dfrac{1}{5^2}+...+\dfrac{1}{5^{11}}-\dfrac{11}{5^{12}}\)
\(\Rightarrow4A=\dfrac{1}{5}+\dfrac{1}{5^2}+...+\dfrac{1}{5^{11}}-\dfrac{11}{5^{12}}\)
\(\Rightarrow20A=1+\dfrac{1}{5}+...+\dfrac{1}{5^{10}}-\dfrac{11}{5^{11}}\)
\(\Rightarrow20A-4A=\left(1+\dfrac{1}{5}+...+\dfrac{1}{5^{10}}-\dfrac{11}{5^{11}}\right)-\left(\dfrac{1}{5}+\dfrac{1}{5^2}+...+\dfrac{1}{5^{11}}-\dfrac{11}{5^{12}}\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow16A=1-\dfrac{12}{5^{11}}+\dfrac{11}{5^{12}}< 1\)
\(\Rightarrow A< \dfrac{1}{16}\)
⇒5A=15+252+...+11511⇒5A=15+252+...+11511
⇒5A−A=15+152+...+1511−11512⇒5A−A=15+152+...+1511−11512
⇒4A=15+152+...+1511−11512⇒4A=15+152+...+1511−11512
⇒20A=1+15+...+1510−11511⇒20A=1+15+...+1510−11511
⇒20A−4A=(1+15+...+1510−11511)−(15+152+...+1511−11512)⇒20A−4A=(1+15+...+1510−11511)−(15+152+...+1511−11512)
⇒16A=1−12511+11512<1⇒16A=1−12511+11512<1
⇒A<116⇒A<116
\(A=\dfrac{n^5}{120}+\dfrac{n^4}{12}+\dfrac{7n^3}{24}+\dfrac{5n^2}{12}+\dfrac{n}{5}\)
\(=\dfrac{n^5}{120}+\dfrac{10n^4}{120}+\dfrac{35n^3}{120}+\dfrac{50n^2}{120}+\dfrac{24n}{120}\)
\(=\dfrac{n^5+10n^4+35n^3+50n^2+24n}{120}\)
\(=\dfrac{n\left(n^4+10n^3+35n^2+50n+24\right)}{120}\)
\(=\dfrac{n\left(n^4+n^3+9n^3+9n^2+26n^2+26n+24n+24\right)}{120}\)
\(=\dfrac{n\left[n^3\left(n+1\right)+9n^2\left(n+1\right)+26n\left(n+1\right)+24\left(n+1\right)\right]}{120}\)
\(=\dfrac{n\left(n+1\right)\left(n^3+9n^2+26n+24\right)}{120}\)
\(=\dfrac{n\left(n+1\right)\left(n^3+2n^2+7n^2+14n+12n+24\right)}{120}\)
\(=\dfrac{n\left(n+1\right)\left[n^2\left(n+2\right)+7n\left(n+2\right)+12\left(n+2\right)\right]}{120}\)
\(=\dfrac{n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)\left(n^2+7n+12\right)}{120}\)
\(=\dfrac{n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)\left(n^2+3n+4n+12\right)}{120}\)
\(=\dfrac{n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)\left[n\left(n+3\right)+4\left(n+3\right)\right]}{120}\)
\(=\dfrac{n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)\left(n+3\right)\left(n+4\right)}{120}\)
Để A có giá trị nguyên thì \(n\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)\left(n+3\right)\left(n+4\right)⋮120\)
Thật vậy, vì A là tích của 5 số tự nhiên liên tiếp nên trong 5 số đó có 2 số chẵn liên tiếp (tích chia hết cho 8),1 số chia hết cho 3, 1 số chia hết cho 5
mà 8, 3, 5 đôi một nguyên tố cùng nhau nên \(A=x\left(x+1\right)\left(x+2\right)\left(x+3\right)\left(x+4\right)⋮8.3.5=120\)
Vậy A có giá trị nguyên với mọi n \(\in\) N.