Cho đa thức \(P\left(x\right)=ax^2+bx+c\). Trong đó \(a,b,c\) là các hằng số thỏa mãn \(\dfrac{a}{1}=\dfrac{b}{2}=\dfrac{c}{3}\) và \(a\ne0\). Tính \(\dfrac{P\left(-2\right)-3P\left(1\right)}{a}\).
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1.
\(y^2+y\left(x^3+x^2+x\right)+x^5-x^4+2x^3-2x^2\)
\(\Delta=\left(x^3+x^2+x\right)^2-4\left(x^5-x^4+2x^3-2x^2\right)\)
\(=\left(x^3-x^2+3x\right)^2\)
\(\Rightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}y=\dfrac{-x^3-x^2-x+x^3-x^2+3x}{2}=-x^2+x\\y=\dfrac{-x^3-x^2-x-x^3+x^2-3x}{2}=-x^3-2x\end{matrix}\right.\)
Hay đa thức trên có thể phân tích thành:
\(\left(x^2-x+y\right)\left(x^3+2x+y\right)\)
Dựa vào đó em tự tách cho phù hợp
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\(abc\ge\left(a+b-c\right)\left(b+c-a\right)\left(c+a-b\right)\)
\(\Leftrightarrow abc\ge\left(3-2a\right)\left(3-2b\right)\left(3-2c\right)\)
\(\Leftrightarrow9abc\ge12\left(ab+bc+ca\right)-27\)
\(\Rightarrow abc\ge\dfrac{4}{3}\left(ab+bc+ca\right)-3\)
\(P\ge\dfrac{9}{a\left(b^2+bc+c^2\right)+b\left(c^2+ca+a^2\right)+c\left(a^2+ab+b^2\right)}+\dfrac{abc}{ab+bc+ca}=\dfrac{9}{\left(ab+bc+ca\right)\left(a+b+c\right)}+\dfrac{abc}{ab+bc+ca}\)
\(\Rightarrow P\ge\dfrac{3}{ab+bc+ca}+\dfrac{abc}{ab+bc+ca}=\dfrac{3+abc}{ab+bc+ca}\)
\(\Rightarrow P\ge\dfrac{3+\dfrac{4}{3}\left(ab+bc+ca\right)-3}{ab+bc+ca}=\dfrac{4}{3}\)
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(a=b=c=1\)
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Bài 1:
Ta có:
\(\dfrac{1}{2!}+\dfrac{2}{3!}+\dfrac{3}{4!}+...+\dfrac{99}{100!}\)
\(=\dfrac{2-1}{2!}+\dfrac{3-1}{3!}+\dfrac{4-1}{4!}+...+\dfrac{100-1}{100!}\)
\(=\dfrac{2}{2!}-\dfrac{1}{2!}+\dfrac{3}{3!}-\dfrac{1}{3!}+...+\dfrac{100}{100!}-\dfrac{1}{100!}\)
\(=\dfrac{1}{1!}-\dfrac{1}{2!}+\dfrac{1}{2!}-\dfrac{1}{3!}+...+\dfrac{1}{99!}-\dfrac{1}{100!}\)
\(=1-\dfrac{1}{100!}\)
Mà \(1-\dfrac{1}{100!}< 1\)
Nên \(\dfrac{1}{2!}+\dfrac{2}{3!}+\dfrac{3}{4!}+...+\dfrac{99}{100!}< 1\) (Đpcm)
Bài 2:
Áp dụng tính chất dãy tỉ số bằng nhau ta có:
\(\dfrac{a+b-c}{c}=\dfrac{b+c-a}{a}=\dfrac{c+a-b}{b}=\dfrac{a+b-c+b+c-a+c+a-b}{a+b+c}=\dfrac{a+b+c}{a+b+c}=1\)
\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}a+b-c=c\\b+c-a=a\\c+a-b=b\end{matrix}\right.\)\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}a+b=2c\\b+c=2a\\c+a=2b\end{matrix}\right.\)
Thay vào biểu thức ta có:
\(B=\left(1+\dfrac{b}{a}\right)\left(1+\dfrac{a}{c}\right)\left(1+\dfrac{c}{b}\right)\)
\(=\dfrac{a+b}{a}.\dfrac{c+a}{c}.\dfrac{b+c}{b}\)
\(=\dfrac{2a.2b.2c}{abc}\)
\(=\dfrac{8\left(abc\right)}{abc}=8\)
Vậy \(B=8\)
bài 3:
Ta có a+2b+ac= -1/2
<=> 1/2+a+2b+ac=0
chia 2 vế cho 4 ta được: \(\frac{ }{12}\)(1/2)^3+a(1/2)^3+b(1/2)+c=0
<=> 1/8+a/4+b/2+c=0
<=> P(1/2)=0
Vậy x=1/2 là một nghiệm của đa thức\(x = {-b \pm \sqrt{b^2-4ac} \over 2a}\)
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Theo nguyên lý Dirichlet, trong 3 số a;b;c luôn có ít nhất 2 số cùng phía so với 1
Không mất tính tổng quát, giả sử đó là a và b
\(\Rightarrow\left(a-1\right)\left(b-1\right)\ge0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow ab+1\ge a+b\)
\(\Leftrightarrow2\left(ab+1\right)\ge\left(a+1\right)\left(b+1\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{2}{\left(a+1\right)\left(b+1\right)\left(c+1\right)}\ge\dfrac{2}{2\left(ab+1\right)\left(c+1\right)}=\dfrac{1}{\left(ab+1\right)\left(c+1\right)}=\dfrac{1}{\left(\dfrac{1}{c}+1\right)\left(c+1\right)}=\dfrac{c}{\left(c+1\right)^2}\)
Lại có:
\(\dfrac{1}{\left(\sqrt{ab}.\sqrt{\dfrac{a}{b}}+1.1\right)^2}+\dfrac{1}{\left(\sqrt{ab}.\sqrt{\dfrac{b}{a}}+1\right)^2}\ge\dfrac{1}{\left(ab+1\right)\left(\dfrac{a}{b}+1\right)}+\dfrac{1}{\left(ab+1\right)\left(\dfrac{b}{a}+1\right)}=\dfrac{1}{ab+1}\)
\(\Rightarrow P\ge\dfrac{1}{ab+1}+\dfrac{1}{\left(c+1\right)^2}+\dfrac{c}{\left(c+1\right)^2}=\dfrac{1}{\dfrac{1}{c}+1}+\dfrac{1}{\left(c+1\right)^2}+\dfrac{c}{\left(c+1\right)^2}\)
\(\Rightarrow P\ge\dfrac{c}{c+1}+\dfrac{c+1}{\left(c+1\right)^2}=\dfrac{c\left(c+1\right)+c+1}{\left(c+1\right)^2}=\dfrac{\left(c+1\right)^2}{\left(c+1\right)^2}=1\) (đpcm)
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(a=b=c=1\)
![](https://rs.olm.vn/images/avt/0.png?1311)
Áp dụng t/c dtsbn ta có:
\(\dfrac{a+b-c}{c}=\dfrac{b+c-a}{a}=\dfrac{c+a-b}{b}=\dfrac{a+b-c+b+c-a+c+a-b}{c+a+b}=\dfrac{a+b+c}{a+b+c}=1\)
\(\dfrac{a+b-c}{c}=1\Rightarrow a+b-c=c\Rightarrow a+b=2c\\ \dfrac{b+c-a}{a}=1\Rightarrow b+c-a=a\Rightarrow b+c=2a\\ \dfrac{c+a-b}{b}=1\Rightarrow c+a-b=b\Rightarrow c+a=2b\)
\(\left(1+\dfrac{b}{a}\right)\left(1+\dfrac{a}{c}\right)\left(1+\dfrac{c}{b}\right)\\ =\dfrac{\left(a+b\right)\left(a+c\right)\left(b+c\right)}{abc}\\ =\dfrac{2c.2b.2a}{abc}\\ =\dfrac{8abc}{abc}\\ =8\)
P(x)=\(ax^2+bx+c\) (1)(a\(\ne0\) )
Ta có :
\(\dfrac{a}{1}=\dfrac{b}{2}=\dfrac{c}{3}\)\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}b=2a\\c=3a\end{matrix}\right.\)(2)
Thay(2) vào (1)\(\Rightarrow P\left(x\right)=ax^2+2ax+3a\)
\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{P\left(-2\right)-3P\left(-1\right)}{a}=\dfrac{4a-4a+3a-3\left(a-2a+3a\right)}{a}\)=\(\dfrac{3a-3a+6a-9a}{a}=\dfrac{-3a}{a}=-3\)