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Xét \(I=\int\limits^1_0x^2f\left(x\right)dx\)
Đặt \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}u=f\left(x\right)\\dv=x^2dx\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}du=f'\left(x\right)dx\\v=\dfrac{1}{3}x^3\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(\Rightarrow I=\dfrac{1}{3}x^3.f\left(x\right)|^1_0-\dfrac{1}{3}\int\limits^1_0x^3.f'\left(x\right)dx=-\dfrac{1}{3}\int\limits^1_0x^3f'\left(x\right)dx\)
\(\Rightarrow\int\limits^1_0x^3f'\left(x\right)dx=-1\)
Lại có: \(\int\limits^1_0x^6.dx=\dfrac{1}{7}\)
\(\Rightarrow\int\limits^1_0\left[f'\left(x\right)\right]^2dx+14\int\limits^1_0x^3.f'\left(x\right)dx+49.\int\limits^1_0x^6dx=0\)
\(\Rightarrow\int\limits^1_0\left[f'\left(x\right)+7x^3\right]^2dx=0\)
\(\Rightarrow f'\left(x\right)+7x^3=0\)
\(\Rightarrow f'\left(x\right)=-7x^3\)
\(\Rightarrow f\left(x\right)=\int-7x^3dx=-\dfrac{7}{4}x^4+C\)
\(f\left(1\right)=0\Rightarrow C=\dfrac{7}{4}\)
\(\Rightarrow I=\int\limits^1_0\left(-\dfrac{7}{4}x^4+\dfrac{7}{4}\right)dx=...\)
Câu 1:
\(\int\limits^3_0\left(f'\left(x\right)+1\right)\sqrt{x+1}dx=\int\limits^3_0f'\left(x\right)\sqrt{x+1}dx+\int\limits^3_0\sqrt{x+1}dx\)
\(=\int\limits^3_0f'\left(x\right)\sqrt{x+1}dx+\frac{14}{3}=\frac{302}{15}\Rightarrow\int\limits^1_0f'\left(x\right)\sqrt{x+1}dx=\frac{232}{15}\)
Ta có:
\(I=\int\limits^3_0\frac{f\left(x\right)dx}{\sqrt{x+1}}\)
Đặt \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}u=f\left(x\right)\\dv=\frac{dx}{\sqrt{x+1}}\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}du=f'\left(x\right)dx\\v=2\sqrt{x+1}\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(\Rightarrow I=2f\left(x\right)\sqrt{x+1}|^3_0-2\int\limits^3_0f'\left(x\right)\sqrt{x+1}dx\)
\(=4f\left(3\right)-2f\left(0\right)-2.\frac{232}{15}\)
\(=2\left(2f\left(3\right)-f\left(0\right)\right)-\frac{464}{15}=36-\frac{464}{15}=\frac{76}{15}\)
Câu 2:
\(I_1=\int\limits^3_1\frac{xf'\left(x\right)}{x+1}dx=0\)
Đặt \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}u=\frac{x}{x+1}\\dv=f'\left(x\right)dx\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}du=\frac{1}{\left(x+1\right)^2}dx\\v=f\left(x\right)\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(\Rightarrow I_1=\frac{xf\left(x\right)}{x+1}|^3_1-\int\limits^3_1\frac{f\left(x\right)}{\left(x+1\right)^2}=\frac{3.3}{3+1}-\frac{1.3}{1+1}-\int\limits^3_1\frac{f\left(x\right)}{\left(x+1\right)^2}dx=\frac{3}{4}-\int\limits^3_1\frac{f\left(x\right)}{\left(x+1\right)^2}dx=0\)
\(\Rightarrow\int\limits^3_1\frac{f\left(x\right)}{\left(x+1\right)^2}dx=\frac{3}{4}\)
Ta có:
\(I=\int\limits^3_1\frac{f\left(x\right)+lnx}{\left(x+1\right)^2}dx=\int\limits^3_1\frac{f\left(x\right)}{\left(x+1\right)^2}dx+\int\limits^3_1\frac{lnx}{\left(x+1\right)^2}dx=\frac{3}{4}+I_2\)
Xét \(I_2=\int\limits^3_1\frac{lnx}{\left(x+1\right)^2}dx\Rightarrow\) đặt \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}u=lnx\\dv=\frac{1}{\left(x+1\right)^2}\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}du=\frac{dx}{x}\\v=\frac{-1}{x+1}\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(\Rightarrow I_2=\frac{-lnx}{x+1}|^3_1+\int\limits^3_1\frac{dx}{x\left(x+1\right)}=-\frac{1}{4}ln3+\int\limits^1_0\left(\frac{1}{x}-\frac{1}{x+1}\right)dx\)
\(=-\frac{1}{4}ln3+ln\left(\frac{x}{x+1}\right)|^3_1=-\frac{1}{4}ln3+ln\frac{3}{4}-ln\frac{1}{2}=\frac{3}{4}ln3-ln2\)
\(\Rightarrow I=\frac{3}{4}+\frac{3}{4}ln3-ln2\)
Câu 1:
\(2f\left(x\right)+3f\left(\frac{2}{3x}\right)=5x\) (1)
Đặt \(t=\frac{2}{3x}\Rightarrow x=\frac{2}{3t}\)
\(\Rightarrow2f\left(\frac{2}{3t}\right)+3f\left(t\right)=5.\frac{2}{3t}\Leftrightarrow2f\left(\frac{2}{3t}\right)+3f\left(t\right)=\frac{10}{3t}\)
\(\Rightarrow2f\left(\frac{2}{3x}\right)+3f\left(x\right)=\frac{10}{3x}\Leftrightarrow3f\left(\frac{2}{3x}\right)+\frac{9}{2}f\left(x\right)=\frac{5}{x}\) (2)
Trừ vế cho vế của (2) cho (1):
\(\frac{5}{2}f\left(x\right)=\frac{5}{x}-5x\Rightarrow f\left(x\right)=\frac{2}{x}-2x\)
\(\Rightarrow\int\limits^1_{\frac{2}{3}}\frac{f\left(x\right)}{x}dx=\int\limits^1_{\frac{2}{3}}\left(\frac{2}{x^2}-2\right)dx=\left(-\frac{2}{x}-2x\right)|^1_{\frac{2}{3}}=\frac{1}{3}\)
Câu 2:
\(3f\left(x\right)-4f\left(2-x\right)=-x^2-12x+16\) (1)
Đặt \(2-x=t\Rightarrow x=2-t\)
\(\Rightarrow3f\left(2-t\right)-4f\left(t\right)=-\left(2-t\right)^2-12\left(2-t\right)+16\)
\(\Rightarrow3f\left(2-t\right)-4f\left(t\right)=-t^2+16t-12\)
\(\Rightarrow3f\left(2-x\right)-4f\left(x\right)=-x^2+16x-12\)
\(\Rightarrow4f\left(2-x\right)-\frac{16}{3}f\left(x\right)=-\frac{4}{3}x^2+\frac{64}{3}x-16\) (2)
Cộng (1) và (2):
\(-\frac{7}{3}f\left(x\right)=-\frac{14}{3}x^2+\frac{28}{3}x\)
\(\Rightarrow f\left(x\right)=2x^2-4x\)
\(\Rightarrow\int\limits^2_0f\left(x\right)dx=\int\limits^2_0\left(2x^2-4x\right)dx=-\frac{8}{3}\)
Tham khảo:
Giả sử hàm số f(x) là hàm số chẵn trên đoạn [-a; a], ta có:
Đổi biến x = - t đối với tích phân
Ta được:
Vậy
Trường hợp sau chứng minh tương tự. Áp dụng:
Vì 
là hàm số lẻ trên đoạn [-2; 2] nên
\(f\left(0\right)=-1\Rightarrow f'\left(0\right)+2=0\Leftrightarrow f'\left(0\right)=-2\)
\(\int\limits^1_0f\left(x\right)dx=\int\limits^1_0\dfrac{f'\left(x\right)-x.e^{3x}}{2}dx=\dfrac{1}{2}\int\limits^1_0f'\left(x\right)dx-\dfrac{1}{2}\int\limits^1_0x.e^{3x}dx=\dfrac{1}{2}f\left(x\right)|^1_0-\dfrac{1}{2}\int\limits^1_0xe^{3x}dx\)
\(I_1=\int xe^{3x}dx\)
\(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}u=x\\dv=e^{3x}dx\end{matrix}\right.\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}du=dx\\v=\dfrac{1}{3}e^{3x}\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(\Rightarrow I_1=\dfrac{1}{3}xe^{3x}-\dfrac{1}{3}\int e^{3x}dx=\dfrac{1}{3}xe^{3x}-\dfrac{1}{9}e^{3x}\)
\(\Rightarrow I=\dfrac{1}{2}f\left(1\right)-\dfrac{1}{2}f\left(0\right)-\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\dfrac{1}{3}xe^{3x}-\dfrac{1}{9}e^{3x}\right)|^1_0\)
Èo, tắc chỗ f(1) rồi, vậy đành phải biến đổi để tìm f(x) luôn vậy, hmm
Thử nhân 2 vế với \(e^{2x}\) xem nào:
\(e^{2x}f'\left(x\right)-2e^{2x}f\left(x\right)=x.e^{5x}\Leftrightarrow\left(e^{2x}.f\left(x\right)\right)'=x.e^{5x}\)
Lay nguyen ham 2 ve:
\(e^{2x}.f\left(x\right)=\int x.e^{5x}dx\)
\(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x=u\\dv=e^{5x}dx\end{matrix}\right.\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}dx=du\\v=\dfrac{1}{5}e^{5x}\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(\Rightarrow e^{2x}.f\left(x\right)=\int x.e^{5x}dx=\dfrac{1}{5}x.e^{5x}-\dfrac{1}{5}\int e^{5x}dx=\dfrac{1}{5}xe^{5x}-\dfrac{1}{25}e^{5x}+C\)
\(f\left(0\right)=-1\Leftrightarrow f\left(0\right)=-\dfrac{1}{25}+C=-1\Leftrightarrow C=-\dfrac{24}{25}\)
\(\Rightarrow f\left(x\right)=\dfrac{\dfrac{1}{5}xe^{5x}-\dfrac{1}{25}e^{5x}-\dfrac{24}{25}}{e^{2x}}\)
Vậy là xong rồi \(\Rightarrow f\left(1\right)=...\) , thay vô \(I=\dfrac{1}{2}f\left(1\right)-\dfrac{1}{2}.\left(-1\right)-\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\dfrac{1}{3}xe^{3x}-\dfrac{1}{9}e^{3x}\right)|^1_0\) là được nha :)
Nguyên tắc:
\(g\left(x\right).f'\left(x\right)+h\left(x\right).f\left(x\right)=p\left(x\right)\)
Đầu tiên luôn biến đổi để \(f'\left(x\right)\) đứng riêng biệt 1 mình:
\(\Rightarrow f'\left(x\right)+\dfrac{h\left(x\right)}{g\left(x\right)}.f\left(x\right)=\dfrac{p\left(x\right)}{g\left(x\right)}\) (1)
Cần thêm/bớt, nhân/chia sao cho biến về dạng:
\(\left[u\left(x\right).f\left(x\right)\right]'=q\left(x\right)\)
\(\Leftrightarrow f'\left(x\right).u\left(x\right)+u'\left(x\right).f\left(x\right)=q\left(x\right)\)
\(\Leftrightarrow f'\left(x\right)+\dfrac{u'\left(x\right)}{u\left(x\right)}.f\left(x\right)=\dfrac{q\left(x\right)}{u\left(x\right)}\)
Chỉ quan tâm vế trái, khi đó ta sẽ thấy hàm đằng trước \(f\left(x\right)\) chính là \(\dfrac{u'\left(x\right)}{u\left(x\right)}\)
Đồng nhất \(\Rightarrow\dfrac{u'\left(x\right)}{u\left(x\right)}=-2\)
Lấy nguyên hàm 2 vế \(\Rightarrow ln\left|u\left(x\right)\right|=-2x\Rightarrow u\left(x\right)=e^{-2x}\)
Do đó, ở bài toán ban đầu ta cần nhân 2 vế của (1) với \(u\left(x\right)=e^{-2x}\) nghĩa là:
\(f'\left(x\right)-2f\left(x\right)=x.e^{3x}\Leftrightarrow e^{-2x}.f'\left(x\right)-2e^{-2x}.f\left(x\right)=x.e^x\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left[e^{-2x}.f\left(x\right)\right]'=x.e^x\)
Nguyên hàm 2 vế: \(\Rightarrow e^{-2x}.f\left(x\right)=\left(x-1\right)e^x+C\)
Thay \(x=0\Rightarrow1.f\left(0\right)=-1+C\Rightarrow C=0\)
\(\Rightarrow e^{-2x}.f\left(x\right)=\left(x-1\right)e^x\Rightarrow f\left(x\right)=\left(x-1\right)e^{3x}\)
\(\Rightarrow I=\int\limits^1_0\left(x-1\right)e^{3x}dx=...\)