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Ta có: \(\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n}=\dfrac{\left(\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n}\right)\left(\sqrt{n+1}+\sqrt{n}\right)}{\sqrt{n+1}+\sqrt{n}}\)
\(=\dfrac{n+1-n}{\sqrt{n+1}+\sqrt{n}}=\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{n+1}+\sqrt{n}}< \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{n}+\sqrt{n}}=\dfrac{1}{2\sqrt{n}}\)
\(\Rightarrow2\left(\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n}\right)< \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{n}}\left(1\right)\)
Ta lại có: \(\sqrt{n}-\sqrt{n-1}=\dfrac{\left(\sqrt{n}-\sqrt{n-1}\right)\left(\sqrt{n}+\sqrt{n-1}\right)}{\sqrt{n}+\sqrt{n-1}}\)
\(=\dfrac{n-n+1}{\sqrt{n}+\sqrt{n-1}}=\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{n}+\sqrt{n-1}}>\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{n}+\sqrt{n}}=\dfrac{1}{2\sqrt{n}}\)
\(\Rightarrow2\left(\sqrt{n}-\sqrt{n-1}\right)>\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{n}}\left(2\right)\)
\(\left(1\right),\left(2\right)\Rightarrow2\left(\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n}\right)< \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{n}}< 2\left(\sqrt{n}-\sqrt{n-1}\right)\)
\(\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{n}}=\dfrac{2}{\sqrt{n}+\sqrt{n}}>\dfrac{2}{\sqrt{n}+\sqrt{n+1}}=\dfrac{2\left(\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n}\right)}{\left(\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n}\right)\left(\sqrt{n+1}+\sqrt{n}\right)}=2\left(\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n}\right)\left(1\right)\)
\(\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{n}}=\dfrac{2}{\sqrt{n}+\sqrt{n}}< \dfrac{2}{\sqrt{n}+\sqrt{n-1}}=\dfrac{2\left(\sqrt{n}-\sqrt{n-1}\right)}{\left(\sqrt{n}+\sqrt{n-1}\right)\left(\sqrt{n}-\sqrt{n-1}\right)}=2\left(\sqrt{n}-\sqrt{n-1}\right)\left(2\right)\)
\(\left(1\right)\left(2\right)\RightarrowĐpcm\)
\(\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{n}.\sqrt{n+1}.\left(\sqrt{n+1}+\sqrt{n}\right)}=\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{n}.\sqrt{n+1}}.\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{n+1}+\sqrt{n}}=\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{n}.\sqrt{n+1}}.\dfrac{\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n}}{n+1-n}=\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{n}.\sqrt{n+1}}.\left(\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n}\right)=\dfrac{\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n}}{\sqrt{n}.\sqrt{n+1}}\)
\(\dfrac{1}{\left(n+1\right)\sqrt{n}+n\sqrt{n+1}}=\dfrac{\left(n+1\right)\sqrt{n}-n\sqrt{n+1}}{\left(n+1\right)^2n-n^2\left(n+1\right)}\)
\(=\dfrac{\left(n+1\right)\sqrt{n}-n\sqrt{n+1}}{n\left(n+1\right)}=\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{n}}-\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{n+1}}\)
Do đó:
\(VT=\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{1}}-\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}+\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}-\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{3}}+...+\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{n}}-\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{n+1}}\)
\(VT=1-\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{n+1}}< 1\) (đpcm)
Lời giải:
Với 2 số $a,b$ dương, ta luôn có BĐT quen thuộc sau:
\(a^3+b^3\geq ab(a+b)\)
Cách chứng minh rất đơn giản, biến đổi tương đương ta có:
\(a^3+b^3-ab(a+b)\geq 0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow a^2(a-b)-b^2(a-b)\geq 0\Leftrightarrow (a-b)^2(a+b)\geq 0\) (luôn đúng với mọi $a,b>0$)
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Áp dụng vào bài toán:
\((n+1)\sqrt{n+1}+n\sqrt{n}=(\sqrt{n})^3+(\sqrt{n+1})^3\geq \sqrt{n(n+1)}(\sqrt{n}+\sqrt{n+1})\)
\(\Rightarrow \frac{1}{(n+1)\sqrt{n+1}+n\sqrt{n}}< \frac{1}{\sqrt{n(n+1)}(\sqrt{n}+\sqrt{n+1})}=\frac{\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n}}{\sqrt{n(n+1)}(\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n})(\sqrt{n+1}+\sqrt{n})}=\frac{\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n}}{\sqrt{n(n+1)}}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{n}}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{n+1}}\)
Do đó:
\(\frac{1}{2\sqrt{2}+1}< 1-\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\)
\(\frac{1}{3\sqrt{3}+2\sqrt{2}}< \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\)
......
\(\frac{1}{(n+1)\sqrt{n+1}+n\sqrt{n}}< \frac{1}{\sqrt{n}}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{n+1}}\)
Cộng theo vế:
\(\Rightarrow \text{VT}< 1-\frac{1}{\sqrt{n+1}}\)
Ta có đpcm.
Áp dụng : \(\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{n}}>2\left(\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n}\right)\)
\(\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{n}}+\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{n-1}}+...+\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{3}}+\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}+1>2\left(\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n}\right)+2\left(\sqrt{n}-\sqrt{n-1}\right)+...+2\left(\sqrt{4}-\sqrt{3}\right)+2\left(\sqrt{3}-\sqrt{2}\right)+2\left(\sqrt{2}-1\right).\)
\(=2\left(\sqrt{n+1}-1\right).\)
BĐT sai