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Emperor Ly Thanh Tong founded The Temple of Literature in 1070. Now it is considered as one of the historic and cultural sites of Vietnam. And then in 1076 Emperor Ly Nhan Tong built The Imperial Academy as the first university of Vietnam.In 1484, Emperor Le Thanh Tong built the first Doctor’s stone tablet there to memorize the devotion of Doctors. Now it is recognized as the World heritage by UNESCO. In 2003, the Ha Noi People Committee built four statues of Emperor Ly Thanh Tong, Emperor Ly Nhan Tong, King Le Thanh Tong, and Chu Van An who founded and developed Temple of Literature – Imperial Academy.
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Van Mieu (The Temple of Literature) was constructed in 1070 during Ly Thanh Tong's dynasty. Its original purpose was to honor Confucius. In 1076, the first university of Vietnam called Quoc Tu Giam (The Imperial Academy), was established within this temple by Emperor Ly Nhan Tong. That's the reason why the complex has the name of Van Mieu – Quoc Tu Giam up to now. Initially, Quoc Tu Giam was the school for princes and children of royal families and then expanded in the following year to admit top students from around the country. Nowadays, Van Mieu – Quoc Tu Giam is one of the most famous tourist destinations for both Vietnamese people and foreigners. It's also a place to celebrate doctorates and high ranking scholars of Vietnam. One special thing about this place is that there are 82 Doctors' stone tablets. They are tombstones with names and origins of 1304 doctors placed on the backs of stone tortoises. If you come here at the beginning of the year or in May, when many important examinations take place, you will catch sights of numerous families and students who come and pray for luck
Van Mieu - Quoc Tu Giam is a diverse and rich relic complex. The architectural complex of Van Mieu - Quoc Tu Giam includes: Van Lake, Van Mieu - Quoc Tu Giam area and Giam garden; in which, the subject architecture is Van Mieu (the place of worshiping Confucius) and Quoc Tu Giam. With more than 700 years of operation, having trained thousands of talents for the country, Quoc Tu Giam is considered as the first university in Vietnam and also a symbol of the feudal election of this country.
Temple of Literature - Quoc Tu Giam surrounded by brick wall, divided into 5 layers of space with different architectures. Each layer of space is limited by brick walls with a set of 3 doors to connect to each other. From the outside in, there are two main entrance gates, respectively Van Mieu Mon and Dai Trung Mon. Today, Van Mieu - Quoc Tu Giam is a place to visit, as well as a place of praise for excellent students and also a place to organize festivals.
This used to be the place where the martyrs go to "good luck" before each exam by stroking turtle heads at doctoral steles. However, today, to preserve the monument, a fence is set up and the martyrs no longer do the ritual of luck as before. Temple of Literature is an image on a polymer banknote with par value of 100,000 VND of Vietnam. It has been included in the list of 23rd National Special Monuments by the Prime Minister of Vietnam.
Van Mieu (The Temple of Literature) was constructed in 1070 during Ly Thanh Tong's dynasty. Its original purpose was to honor Confucius. In 1076, the first university of Vietnam called Quoc Tu Giam (The Imperial Academy), was established within this temple by Emperor Ly Nhan Tong. That's the reason why the complex has the name of Van Mieu – Quoc Tu Giam up to now. Initially, Quoc Tu Giam was the school for princes and children of royal families and then expanded in the following year to admit top students from around the country. Nowadays, Van Mieu – Quoc Tu Giam is one of the most famous tourist destinations for both Vietnamese people and foreigners. It's also a place to celebrate doctorates and high ranking scholars of Vietnam. One special thing about this place is that there are 82 Doctors' stone tablets. They are tombstones with names and origins of 1304 doctors placed on the backs of stone tortoises. If you come here at the beginning of the year or in May, when many important examinations take place, you will catch sights of numerous families and students who come and pray for luck.
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The Temple of Literature (Van Mieu Quoc Tu Giam) is one of the most attractive tourist spots in Nothern Vietnam. It’s on Van Mieu street, Dong Da District, Ha Noi. The Temple of Literature was founded in 1070. The Temple of Literature – Imperial Academy included 4 main gates and 5 courtyards. This is the Temple of Literature – where the thousands of scholars used to study. It also contains offices, gift shops and a small museum. Quoc Tu Giam deserves to be a great cultural work of Vietnam and the pride of the Vietnam people in general and the Hanoians in particular
The Temple of Literature (Van Mieu Quoc Tu Giam) is one of the most attractive tourist spots in Nothern Vietnam. It’s on Van Mieu street, Dong Da District, Ha Noi. The Temple of Literature was founded in 1070. The Temple of Literature – Imperial Academy included 4 main gates and 5 courtyards. This is the Temple of Literature – where the thousands of scholars used to study. It also contains offices, gift shops and a small museum. Quoc Tu Giam deserves to be a great cultural work of Vietnam and the pride of the Vietnam people in general and the Hanoians in particular.
Van Mieu - Quoc Tu Giam is relic and rich diversity of the city's leading Hanoi, located in the south of Thang Long. Currently, it was the Prime Minister Vietnam put on the list ranked 23 national monuments in particular. Architectural ensemble Van Mieu - Quoc Tu Giam, including: Lake Van, the Van Mieu - Quoc Tu Giam and garden director and architectural subjects are Literature - a shrine to Confucius and the Temple of Literature - the first university Vietnam. Temple of Literature - Quoc Tu Giam mallet brick walls surrounding, inner space divided into five classes with different architectures. Each class that space is limited by the brick wall with three gates to communicate with each other (including the door between the two parties and two side doors). From outside to inside with the ports respectively: port of Literature, University of China, Dai Thanh and ergonomics. With over 700 years of operation has trained thousands of talents for the country. Now, the Temple of Literature where sights of domestic and foreign tourists as well as where the compliments for excellent student and also a place to organize the annual poetry on the fifteenth day of January. In particular, there is the element of today's officers to "good luck" before each exam
Van Mieu (The Temple of Literature) was constructed in 1070 during Ly Thanh Tong's dynasty. Its original purpose was to honor Confucius. In 1076, the first university of Vietnam called Quoc Tu Giam (The Imperial Academy), was established within this temple by Emperor Ly Nhan Tong. That's the reason why the complex has the name of Van Mieu – Quoc Tu Giam up to now. Initially, Quoc Tu Giam was the school for princes and children of royal families and then expanded in the following year to admit top students from around the country.
Nowadays, Van Mieu – Quoc Tu Giam is one of the most famous tourist destinations for both Vietnamese people and foreigners. It's also a place to celebrate doctorates and high ranking scholars of Vietnam. One special thing about this place is that there are 82 Doctors' stone tablets. They are tombstones with names and origins of 1304 doctors placed on the backs of stone tortoises. If you come here at the beginning of the year or in May, when many important examinations take place, you will catch sights of numerous families and students who come and pray for luck.
Temple of Literature Monitoring the position between the capital Hanoi, is considered the first university in Vietnam. Since the early years, this school has gathered many talented people, contributing to the construction and development of water. Van Mieu is still the destination of many tourists when visiting Hanoi by unique architecture, impressive.
Temple of Literature has experienced many variations, historical style but still retain the beauty of Hanoi. It is the value of the beautiful spirit preserved from five years. Temple in the south of Thang Long capital worship. The Temple of Literature was put into operation in the period from 1076 to 1820, training many talents for the country.
The two temples include the Temple of Confucius, the sage and Chu Van An, and the first one of the first. Over many years, the Temple of Literature still retains its ancient beauty.
Originally the Temple of Literature was the prince's collection, which would later extend to the resources of the country. The Temple of Literature covers an area of 54,331 m2, including Ho Van, Monitoring Restaurant and interior surrounded by brick wall. With the architecture will be designed from the last time, in known as many thombs of the time of the changes of the country.
When entering the Van Mieu area, customers will go to the main gate, on the literary Temple of Literature. Outside the gate there are stone dragons of the Le dynasty, inside the stone dragon of the Nguyen dynasty. The second area is Khue Van Cau built in 1805 consists of 2 floors, 8 suites wide. This is the usual place for the poems and poems of the day. The third area is from Khue Van to Dai Thanh Mon, in the middle of a so-called Thien Quang Tinh. There are two pool, where there are 8200million process containing the name, countrys, famous names such as Ngo Thi Nham, Le Quy Don ...
The airport is the Great Deaf; Bich Ung was cast by Nguyen Nghiem in 1768. This was seen in the great Chuong, has history and text. The face of the two words Bone bone, severe face also know the type of tool tool. The Primary District 5 is Quoc Tu Giam. Đây là địa chỉ học, chọn tài nguyên, ít nhất cao hơn. There were many people from the school of this field was impressed should be loud for this day as Chu Van An, Bui Quoc Khai ...
Temple of Literature Supervises the construction of elements of ironwood, hand-burned bricks, arrows with artis features of the Le and Nguyen dynasties. The unique height architecture will be built in a large ligged by the desklets.
Allowing this day Van Mieu Quoc Tu Giam is still the tourist address of many people, just remember the source, can both search and explore the history of po po. This review is by the point of Hanoi, of the year.
Văn Miếu Quốc Tử Giám tọa lạc giữa thủ đô Hà Nội, được xem là trường đại học đầu tiên tại Việt Nam. Từ những năm đầu tiên, ngôi trường này đã tụ họp rất nhiều người tài, đóng góp vào công cuộc xây dựng và phát triển đất nước. Hiện nay Văn Miếu vẫn là điểm đến của nhiều du khách khi ghé thăm Hà Nội bởi kiến trúc độc đáo, ấn tượng.
Văn Miếu Quốc Tử Giám đã trải qua bao nhiêu biến động, thăng trầm của lịch sử nhưng nó vẫn giữ được nét đẹp truyền thống của con người Hà Nội. Đó là giá trị tinh thần cao đẹp được gìn giữ từ bao nhiêu năm. Văn Miếu nằm ở phía Nam kinh thành Thăng long thờ Lí. Văn Miếu được được vào hoạt động trong khoảng thời gian từ 1076 cho đến 1820, đào tạo ra nhiều nhân tài cho đất nước.
Văn miếu bao gồm hai di tích chính là Văn Miếu thờ Khổng Tử, các bậc hiền triết và Tư nghiệp Quốc Tử Giám Chu Văn An, người thầy đầu tiên của trường học. Trải qua bao nhiêu năm nhưng Văn Miếu vẫn giữ được những nét đẹp cổ xưa.
Ban đầu Văn Miếu là nơi học tập của các hoàng tử, sau này mới mở rộng ra cho những người tài trong cả nước. Văn Miếu có diện tích 54.331 m2 bao gồm Hồ Văn, vườn Giám và nội tự được bao quanh bằng tường gạch vồ. Với những kiến trúc được thiết kế từ thời xa xưa, in dấu biết bao nhiêu thăng trầm của thời gian, của những đổi thay đất nước.
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Khi bước vào khu Văn Miếu, du khách sẽ đến với cổng chính, trên cổng chính là chữ Văn Miếu Môn. Phía ngoài cổng có đôi rồng đá thời Lê, bên trong là rồng đá thời Nguyễn. Khu thứ hai chính là Khuê Văn Các được xây dựng năm 1805 gồm 2 tầng, 8 mái rất rộng rãi. Đây là nơi tổ chức bình các bài thơ và văn hay của sĩ tử thời xưa. Khu thứ ba chính là từ gác Khuê Văn tới Đại Thành Môn, ở giữa có một hồ vuông gọi là Thiên Quang Tĩnh. Ở hai bên hồ là nơi lưu giữ 82 bia tiến sĩ có ghi tên, quê quán, chức danh của những người nổi tiếng như Ngô Thì Nhậm, Lê Quý Đôn…
Cuối sân là nhà Đại bái và hậu cung; có những hiện vật quý hiếm được lưu truyền từ bao đời nay như chuông Bích Ung do Nguyễn Nghiêm đúc vào năm 1768. Đây được xem là chiếc chuông lớn, có giá trị lịch sử và văn hóa lâu đời. Tấm khánh mặt trong có hai chữ Thọ Xương, mặt ngoài khắc bài mình biết theo kiểu chữ lệ nói về công dụng loại nhạc cụ này. Khu thứ 5 chính là Trường Quốc Tử Giám. Ở đây là nơi dạy học, tuyển chọn người tài, đỗ đạt cao giúp cho vua nâng cao trí thức. Có rất nhiều người từ ngôi trường này đã gây nên tiếng vang lớn cho đến ngày nay như Chu Văn An, Bùi Quốc Khải…
Văn Miếu Quốc Tử Giám được xây dựng chủ yếu bằng gỗ lim, gạch đấy nung, ngói mũi hàng mang nét nghệ thuật của triều Lê và Nguyễn. Những nét kiến trúc độc đáo ấy được xây dựng khéo léo bởi những bàn tay tài hoa.
Cho đến ngày nay Văn Miếu Quốc Tử Giám vẫn là địa điểm du lịch của rất nhiều người, vừa nhớ về cội nguồn, vừa khấn bái, vừa tìm hiểu được lịch sử của cha ông ta. Nơi đây còn được xem là tâm điểm của Hà Nội, của thủ đô nghìn năm văn hiến.
Maybe everyone knows 'Hanoi Temple of Literature'- Van Mieu Quoc Tu Giam - the first relic of Hanoi. It is said that 'Hanoi Temple of Literature' is one of the first universities in the world. Going to visit Hanoi except for Van Mieu, you will be deemed not to visit Hanoi. When you go to Hanoi Temple of Literature, you can explore the history and architecture of this monument.
Van Mieu-Quoc Tu Giam has two main vestiges, there are: Literature worship Confucius and Chu Van An- Quoc Tu Giam career, who has many good quality of the Vietnamese education South and Quoc Tu Giam. Hanoi Temple of Literature is the first national university in Vietnam with more than 700 years of operation (1076-1802) that has trained thousands of talents for the country.
According to history, the Temple of Literature was built in May 10-1070 of the reign of King Ly Thanh Tong. By 1076, King Ly Nhan Tong established Quoc Tu Giam, initially; it is the only place used for the prince and then expanding to receive students in the whole country.
The size of Van Mieu - Quoc Tu Giam is 54,331m2 including: Van Lake, Giam garden, inner self surrounded by brick walls. The inner self is divided into 5 zones. The first zone begins with the main entrance to the Great Chinese ports. The port gate has unique architecture of two storeys with stylized double dragon Le; inside it has a double dragon of the Nguyen dynasty. The second zone features with Khue Van Cac - a unique architecture built in 1085 (Nguyen dynasty), including 2 floors, 8 roots. Khue Van Cac usually organizes the poetic competition. Today, Khue Van Cac is taken as the symbol of Hanoi capital. The third zone has a square lake called Thien Quang Tinh. Two sides along the lake is two stele garden which store 82 stelae established from 1484 to 1780 in which name, hometown of the doctorate of 82 examination were sculpted. Step through the door into the Great to the Fourth named Bai Duong Van Mieu which has name of outstanding pupils of Confucius along with other famous culture of VietNam. The fifth zone is the old Temple of Literature - the location for the talent selection competitions in the past.
Nowadays, Hanoi Temple of Literature opens daily from 8 AM to 17 PM and cameras are allowed.
Tham khảo : https://www.facebook.com/notes/idea-zone-ti%E1%BA%BFng-anh-giao-ti%E1%BA%BFp-th%E1%BB%B1c-t%E1%BA%BF/c%C3%A1c-%C4%91%E1%BB%8Ba-danh-n%E1%BB%95i-ti%E1%BA%BFng-%E1%BB%9F-h%C3%A0-n%E1%BB%99i-b%E1%BA%B1ng-ti%E1%BA%BFng-anh/907504302692588/
câu 2.
long ago ,in the year 1070,there were no universities in VN .So in 1076 Emperor Ly Nhan Tong decided to build one .........(trong sách có mà
The motorbikes whizz past as you step out onto the busy street in the middle of the Vietnamese capital. The old wisdom of looking and waiting before crossing a road does not apply here in Hanoi and you have adapted to the best local method of getting across to the other side. The secret is to just go. If you hesitate, you are finished. Wave after wave of motorbikes scoot around you. By keeping a slow, but steady pace without looking or flinching, you safely make it to the other side. In Vietnam, the rules are different, especially in the northern centre of power, Hanoi. The city is a mix of modern concrete, crumbling French colonial buildings and some ancient temples that have withstood multiple wars and changes of regime. Having crossed the road, you find yourself on an island of green nestled between four roads. This is one of the ancient bastions of Vietnamese heritage, albeit one influenced by Imperial China. By a gateway into a compound you stand by a stone that instructs those on horseback to dismount out of respect. This is a sure sign that you are at a Confucian temple. The complex that lies before you is Văn Miếu – Quốc Tử Giám, commonly called, the Temple of Literature.
Văn Miếu is the Temple of Literature, but Quốc Tử Giám is the Imperial Academy. Dedicated to Khổng Tử, the temple can trace its origins to 1070 CE, during the reign of King Lý Thánh Tông. Six years later, Quốc Tử Giám opened in order to provide quan (mandarins) for the imperial bureaucracy, as well as to provide education to the Vietnamese elite. The academy was active from 1076 until the Nguyễn dynasty moved the capital from Thăng Long (Hanoi) to Huế in 1802. The temple and academy underwent various renovations and regulation changes over the years, notably during the Trần dynasty (1225 – 1400) and the Lê dynasty (1428 – 1788). Declared a Monument Historique in 1906 by the French administration and restored by the École française d’Extrême-Orient in 1920, the academy was destroyed by French cannons during the First Indochina War in 1947.
The Temple complex shows the heavy influence of China who dominated and ruled Vietnam four times in its history. The majority of the period 111 BCE to 938 CE saw Vietnam under the yoke of China, leaving an indelible cultural mark on the country. By the time Lý Thánh Tông built the temple, Confucian ideology was already well established in Vietnam. The construction of a temple, emulating the one in Confucius’ hometown of Qūfù in Shandong, China was a sign that the Lý dynasty wanted to add legitimacy to their rule. China successfully exported Confucianism to other neighbouring countries, but it took a hold in Vietnam earlier than in Korea and Japan. The temple is the oldest Confucian temple outside of China, predating Munmyo in Seoul by more than 300 years. The proximity of the imperial academy to the temple is much like the Beijing Confucius Temple and Imperial Academy that is more than 200 years younger than Văn Miếu.
The temple follows a standard Confucian layout and on the opposite side of the street from where you now stand is the vestige of Văn Hồ. This is the normal feature at the beginning of the south to north axis of a Confucius temple. The lake is somewhat rustic and not as well regimented as those at other temples. Where you stand now is next to four pillars marking the entrance to the main compound. The two central pillars rise higher than those on either side. These are the Vietnamese style version of the simple gates found in Chinese Confucian temples. In China, there are crossbeams connecting the columns, but here, the square pillars stand independent of each other.
Passing through, you arrive at the first actual gateway of the precinct. The Văn Miếu Môn, known as the Great Portico in English, is the main temple gate. The current gate dates from 1888 in the reign of Emperor Khải Định of the Nguyễn dynasty. Built in a typical Vietnamese style, it is similar to entrance gates at Buddhist and folk religion temples. Reliefs of a tiger and a dragon flank the main doorway and the second level holds a bronze bell that used to be sounded when a notable person entered the temple. There were originally two stelae on the second level that have now disappeared. Passing through the gate, you enter into the first courtyard and note that three paths lie before you. The central path was used by the ruler and the bell in the gate signifies this. The two smaller doors of the Great Portico are the beginning of the other two paths. The path on the left was for civil mandarins, whereas the one on the right was for military administrators. This three path system is typical of Chinese Confucian temples, but normally the central path is to be used only by those who placed first in the Imperial Examinations . In Vietnam, the examination system was similar and after passing various levels of local examination, a top candidate could sit the Thi Đình.
While the two side paths lead to the Đạt Tài Môn and Thành Đức Môn, you follow the royal path to the Đại Trung Môn. This simple gate is classically Vietnamese, with no doors and a completely open front and back supported by red wooden columns. It has a flush gable and fits with the staid atmosphere typical of a Confucian temple. Passing through, you see a structure that is quite the opposite style at the other end of the second courtyard. The three paths continue and the next two side gates are the Cửa Bi Văn and Cửa Súc Văn . Maintaining your regal beeline, you head down the middle to the most iconic structure of the entire complex.
The Khuê Văn Các is a unique structure that is instantly recognizable. Not a large structure, the pavilion, which acts as a gate, is a two storey structure built in 1805 during the reign of Gia Long, the first Nguyễn emperor shortly after he moved the capital from Hanoi to Huế. It was actually built by General Nguyễn Văn Thành, a controversial figure whose family fell out of favour with the emperor, leading to executions and Nguyễn Văn Thành’s suicide. Four square, whitewashed brick pillars support a red wooden pavilion with an elaborate terracotta tiled roof. A symbol of Hanoi, the most famous features of the building are the two circular windows that have spoke-like slats radiating from a central circle to the square frame. The design represents the Constellation of Literature and the light shining from it. The circle is also heaven to the square earth.
Exiting on the other side of the pavilion, you find yourself in a different space. The previous two courtyards have been green spaces with grass and shrubs, the third courtyard is centred around the Thiên Quang Tỉnh. The murky green water of the pond fails to live up to its name, but the square pool fills the majority of the courtyard. In another play on heaven and earth, the circular design of the Khuê Văn Các and the square pond show the two converging on this place of excellence in learning. On both sides of the well are Stelae Pavilions. Restored at later points, they house the 82 remaining stelae of the 116 originals that were first erected by King Lê Thánh Tông in 1484 and added to until 1779. The stones display the names of those who passed the royal court examinations from 1442 onwards.
Walking among the stone rows, you see that each stele is placed on the back of a stone tortoise, representing longevity. The stones, known as doctorate stelae, were mostly blank when erected, but over the subsequent 550 years, the names of the successful were recorded for eternity. The highest level of scholar was a trạng nguyên, the first place scholar. Over the almost 1000 year history of the examinations, only 55 people attained the rank of trạng nguyên in the triennial court exams. The first was awarded to Lê Văn Thịnh in the 11th century. The system changed in the 1247 to allowing for three ranks, adding the new bảng nhãn and thám hoa titles. All other successful candidates were given the title of tiến sĩ. The system was finally abolished by the French in 1913, ending a millennium of Vietnamese educational heritage.
As you wander through the pavilions, you get a sense of the weight of history that is held by the bricks and mortar of the temple and university. Hundreds of young Vietnamese men who devoted their live to study and bureaucracy also trod where your feet now stand. Following their route, you approach the Đại Thành Môn. To the left and right of the gate are the Kim Thanh môn and the Ngọc Chấn Môn. Just like the Kǒng Miào in Qūfù and the Confucius Temple in Taipei, the golden sound is a reference to a bronze bell and the jade vibration to a stone chime used in classic Confucian ritual music. The famous Confucian scholar Mencius, known as Mạnh Tử in Vietnamese, said ‘start with the bell and end with the chime and the music will be perfect’. He was actually speaking about the necessity of clear and instructive teaching in a good lesson. The Đại Thành Môn was built during the reign of Lý Thánh Tông, making it one of the earliest structures of the temple and this is reflected in the simple style of the gate. On its other side, you reach the fourth courtyard of the temple.
From the middle of the courtyard, you note two side halls that now function as gift shops. These were originally halls that held tablets honouring the 72 disciples of Confucius. These can be found in almost all major Confucian temples. The modern need of a place to sell trinkets has supplanted the original use and Vietnamese school children run about happily trying to buy small education based souvenirs. Ahead of you is the most important pair of buildings in the complex. The first is the Đại Bái Đường . This building functioned as a place to perform the rites that Confucius was so fond of propounding. The hall is quite narrow and when you step inside, you immediately note a set of lacquered and intricately styled offering tables. The central one takes your fancy and you walk over to inspect it. It is tall and looks somewhat like a chest of drawers. On its top surface, various offerings have been laid out, including paper pineapples. To either side of the furniture are a pair of bronze cranes on the back of tortoises. These common images in Vietnamese temples are deeply symbolic. The tortoise, representing both heaven and earth, is a symbol of longevity and perfection. The crane is emblematic of longevity also and believed to live a thousand years. In addition to the ten thousand years of the turtle’s life, this is a powerful symbol that embodies the idiom ‘May you be remembered for one thousand years and your cult endure for ten thousand years’. The cult of Confucius has not yet reached that figure, but has so far endured for two and a half millennia.
Exiting the Đại Bái Đường, you are in a small gap that separates it from the Thượng Điện. This is the main shrine hall of the temple and in the centre you find Khổng Tử himself. The painted and lacquered statue depicts the Chinese philosopher as an elderly bearded man with fair skin. He is not as ugly as he is in native Chinese statues of him. The sage, who preached a return to the golden era of wise kings, the value of learning, respect of the rites and traditional hierarchy based on merit, looks out with a serenely from between bunches of devotional flowers. The lacquered statue made in 1729 is a work of Vietnamese artisanry that is echoed in the four companion statues of the hall. The sage is joined by Nhan Uyên , Tăng Sâm, Tử Tư, and Mạnh Tử. Collectively they are known as the Four Sages. Yán Huí was the favourite disciple of Confucius, Zēngzǐ wrote the Great Learning (one of the Four Books) and taught Confucius’ grandson Zǐsī, who wrote the Doctrine of the Mean (another of the Four Books). Mèngzǐ lived two hundred years after Confucius and wrote the Mencius. He is considered to be the second most important Confucian after Confucius himself.
After some time with the men of learning, you head out through the Thái Học Môn and into the fifth courtyard. Also called the Thai Hoc Courtyard, it is the traditional home of the Quốc Tử Giám , known as the Thái Học Viện during the Lê dynasty (1428 – 1788 CE). This entire area you are surrounded by is a reconstruction from the year 2000, as the original was destroyed by the French in 1946. Their artillery tore down, among other buildings, the Đền Khải Thánh, a shrine built to honour the parents of Confucius Thúc Lương Ngột and Nhan Thị. The shrine sat amidst the academy buildings that saw the educated echelons of Vietnamese society through their education for hundreds of years. While originally only for royals and nobles, in 1253, in the reign of King Trần Thái Tông, Quốc Tử Giám opened to commoners as well as the elite.
Being a Confucian academy, the main focus of study at Quốc Tử Giám was the Tứ Thư and Ngũ Kinh. The Four Books are the Đại Học, Trung Dung, Luận Ngữ and the Mạnh Tử . Three were written by three of the Four Sages, but the Analects was collectively put together by the disciples of Confucius after his death to record his sayings. The Five Classics are pre-Confucian Chinese classics promoted by Confucius. These are the Kinh Thi , Kinh Thư , Kinh Lễ , Kinh Dịch and the Kinh Xuân Thu. The I Ching is the oldest of the Classics and could be up to three thousand years old.
Returning to the present, you gaze over at the two new buildings across the court. They are homogenous with the rest of the temple and the architects and builders have done a good job of melding them with the older structures of Văn Miếu. Passing quickly through the Tiền Ðường , you see various exhibits and displays about Vietnamese achievements. You soon come to the Hậu Ðường . This two storey structure is built to honour those who made the academy great. The chamber on the ground floor greets you with a statue of Chu Văn An, a famous rector of the academy and teacher of Emperor Trần Hiến Tông. Ascending to the upper floor, you find statues of the three most important emperors concerned with Văn Miếu and Quốc Tử Giám. Lý Thánh Tông founded the Temple of Literature in 1070, Lý Nhân Tông founded the Imperial Academy in 1076 and Lê Thánh Tông erected the doctorate stelae in 1484. Rightly honoured in the highest chamber of the complex, these three men had a profound influence over Vietnam and its values of education.
Leaving the buildings, you glance briefly at the drum and bell at the back of the complex. These enormous instruments show the high esteem that is held for the temple and academy by the people and government of Vietnam. As you stroll back through Quốc Tử Giám and Văn Miếu, you reflect upon the simple majesty of the Temple of Literature and its grounds. The history of the temple and academy is still profoundly present in Hanoi. The emphasis placed on education today is stronger even than during the active years of the academy. In modern Vietnam education can open more doors than just those at the Temple of Literature. Without Văn Miếu and Quốc Tử Giám, the story might be different. The temple and its academic counterpart have emblazoned themselves on the national psyche and laid the road for thousands of students to walk down.
I would like to give a huge heartfelt thank you to my close friend and proud Hanoian Hieu Trung Tran. Most of the photographs featured in this article are his.
#Tham khảo!
Van Mieu - Quoc Tu Giam is relic and rich diversity of the city's leading Hanoi, located in the south of Thang Long. Currently, it was the Prime Minister Vietnam put on the list ranked 23 national monuments in particular. Architectural ensemble Van Mieu - Quoc Tu Giam, including: Lake Van, the Van Mieu - Quoc Tu Giam and garden director and architectural subjects are Literature - a shrine to Confucius and the Temple of Literature - the first university Vietnam. Temple of Literature - Quoc Tu Giam mallet brick walls surrounding, inner space divided into five classes with different architectures. Each class that space is limited by the brick wall with three gates to communicate with each other (including the door between the two parties and two side doors). From outside to inside with the ports respectively: port of Literature, University of China, Dai Thanh and ergonomics. With over 700 years of operation has trained thousands of talents for the country. Now, the Temple of Literature where sights of domestic and foreign tourists as well as where the compliments for excellent student and also a place to organize the annual poetry on the fifteenth day of January. In particular, there is the element of today's officers to "good luck" before each exam