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1 Temporary art is a new kind of art.
(Nghệ thuật tạm thời là một loại hình nghệ thuật mới.)
Thông tin: “There has always been a type of art which doesn't last.”
(Luôn có một loại hình nghệ thuật không trường tồn.)
=> Chọn False
2 Artists use sand or chalk in their artwork so that it will exist for a long time.
(Các nghệ sĩ sử dụng cát hoặc phấn trong tác phẩm nghệ thuật của họ để tác phẩm tồn tại lâu dài.)
Thông tin: “it's not that these don't have artistic value, but they are designed to disappear.”
(Không phải những thứ này không có giá trị nghệ thuật, nhưng chúng được thiết kế để biến mất.)
=> Chọn False
3 Jorge Rodríguez-Gerada is an important artist in the field of temporary art.
(Jorge Rodríguez-Gerada là một nghệ sĩ quan trọng trong lĩnh vực nghệ thuật tạm thời.)
Thông tin: “Jorge Rodríguez-Gerada is a modern 'temporary' artist, and one who gets a lot of attention for his work.”
(Jorge Rodríguez-Gerada là một nghệ sĩ 'tạm thời' hiện đại, và là người được chú ý nhiều nhờ tác phẩm của mình.")
=> Chọn True
4 His work is very quick to create.
(Tác phẩm của anh ấy được tạo ra rất nhanh.)
Thông tin: “his pieces take a long time to plan and create.”
(các tác phẩm của anh ấy mất nhiều thời gian để lên kế hoạch và sáng tạo.)
=> Chọn False
5 He uses maps to plan his artwork.
(Anh ấy sử dụng bản đồ để lên kế hoạch cho tác phẩm nghệ thuật của mình.)
Thông tin: “"In fact, GPS mapping is used to set out the design.”
(Trên thực tế, bản đồ GPS được sử dụng để thiết kế.)
=> Chọn True
6 A lot of people help him to create his art.
(Rất nhiều người giúp anh ấy tạo ra tác phẩm nghệ thuật.)
Thông tin: “He uses groups of volunteers to help him, and his pieces take a long time to plan and create.”
(Anh ấy sử dụng các nhóm tình nguyện viên để giúp đỡ anh ấy, và các tác phẩm của anh ấy mất nhiều thời gian để lên kế hoạch và sáng tạo.)
=> Chọn True
7 Jorge's artwork called Of the Many, One was part of a new garden design for the National Mall.
(Tác phẩm nghệ thuật của Jorge có tên Of the Many, One là một phần của thiết kế sân vườn mới cho National Mall.)
Thông tin: “It covered an area of 25,000 square metres, and it was created because the mall was getting new gardens, and the land wasn't going to be used for a while.”
(Nó có diện tích 25.000 mét vuông, và nó được tạo ra bởi vì trung tâm thương mại đang có những khu vườn mới và khu đất sẽ không được sử dụng trong một thời gian.)
=> Chọn True
8 The artwork does not exist anymore.
(Tác phẩm nghệ thuật không còn tồn tại nữa.)
Thông tin: “The portrait has disappeared, but it will not easily be forgotten.”
(Bức chân dung đã biến mất, nhưng nó sẽ không dễ bị lãng quên.)
=> Chọn True
1. One of the characteristics of the postal service before the 1840s was that
A. postmen were employed by various organisations.
B. letters were restricted to a certain length.
C. distance affected the price of postage.
D. the price of delivery kept going up.
2. Letter writers in the 1830s
A. were not responsible for the cost of delivery.
B. tried to fit more than one letter into an envelope.
C. could only send letters to people living in cities.
D. knew all letters were automatically read by postal staff.
3. What does the text say about Hill in the 1830s?
A. He was the first person to express concern about the postal system.
B. He considered it would be more efficient for mail to be delivered by rail.
C. He felt that postal service reform was necessary for commercial development.
D. His plan received support from all the important figures of the day.
It might not have looked very impressive, but the Penny Black, now 170 years old, was the first stamp to be created and it launched the modem postal system in Britain.
Before 1840 and the arrival of the Penny Black, you had to be rich and patient to use the Royal Mail. Delivery was charged according to the miles travelled and the number of sheets of paper used; a 2-page letter sent from Edinburgh to London, for example, would have cost 2 shillings, or more than £7 in today’s money. And when the top-hatted letter carrier came to deliver it, it was the recipient who had to pay for the postage. Letter writers employed various ruses to reduce the cost, doing everything possible to cram more words onto a page. Nobody bothered with heavy envelopes; instead, letters would be folded and sealed with wax. You then had to find a post office - there were no pillar boxes - and hope your addressee didn't live in one of the several rural areas which were not served by the system. If you were lucky, your letter would arrive (it could take days) without being read or censored.
The state of mail had been causing concern throughout the 1830s, but it was Rowland Hill, an inventor, teacher and social reformer from Kidderminster, who proposed a workable plan for change. Worried that a dysfunctional, costly service would stifle communication just as Britain was in the swing of its second industrial revolution, he believed reform would ease the distribution of ideas and stimulate trade and business, delivering the same promise as the new railways.
Hill’s proposal for the penny post, which meant any letter weighing less than half an ounce (14 grams) could be sent anywhere in Britain for about 30p in today’s money, was so radical that the Postmaster General, Lord Lichfield, said, 'Of all the wild and visionary schemes which I ever heard of, it is the most extravagant.’ Lord Lichfield spoke for an establishment not convinced of the need for poor people to post anything. But merchants and reformers backed Hill. Soon the government told him to make his scheme work. And that meant inventing a new type of currency.
Hill quickly settled on 'a bit of paper covered at the back with a glutinous wash which the user might, by applying a little moisture, attach to the back of a letter’. Stamps would be printed in sheets of 240 that could be cut using scissors or a knife. Perforations would not arrive until 1854. The idea stuck, and in August 1839 the Treasury launched a design competition open to ‘all artists, men of science and the public in general’. The new stamp would need to be resistant to forgery, and so it was a submission by one Mr Cheverton that Hill used as the basis for one of the most striking designs in history. Cheverton, who worked as a sculptor and an engineer, determined that a portrait of Queen Victoria, engraved for a commemorative coin when she was a 15-year-old princess, was detailed enough to make copying difficult, and recognisable enough to make fakes easy to spot. The words ‘Postage’ and ‘One Penny’ were added alongside flourishes and ornamental stars. Nobody thought to add the word ‘Britain’, as it was assumed that the stamps would solely be put to domestic use.
With the introduction of the new postal system, the Penny Black was an instant hit, and printers struggled to meet demand. By the end of 1840, more than 160 million letters had been sent - more than double the previous year. It created more work for the post office, whose reform continued with the introduction of red letter boxes, new branches and more frequent deliveries, even to the remotest address, but its lasting impact on society was more remarkable.
Hill and his supporters rightly predicted that cheaper post would improve the ‘diffusion of knowledge’. Suddenly, someone in Scotland could be reached by someone in London within a day or two. And as literacy improved, sections of society that had been disenfranchised found a voice.
Tristram Hunt, an historian, values the ‘flourishing of correspondence’ that followed the arrival of stamps. ‘While I was writing my biography of Friedrich Engels I could read the letters he and Marx sent between Manchester and London,’ he says. ‘They wrote to each other three times a day, pinging ideas back and forth so that you can almost follow a real-time correspondence.’
The penny post also changed the nature of the letter. Weight-saving tricks such as cross-writing began to die out, while the arrival of envelopes built confidence among correspondents that mail would not be stolen or read. And so people wrote more private things - politically or commercially sensitive information or love letters. ‘In the early days of the penny post, there was still concern about theft,’ Hunt says. ‘Engels would still send Marx money by ripping up five-pound notes and sending the pieces in different letters.’ But the probity of the postal system became a great thing and it came to be expected that your mail would not be tampered with.
For all its brilliance, the Penny Black was technically a failure. At first, post offices used red ink to cancel stamps so that they could not be used again. But the ink could be removed. When in 1842, it was determined that black ink would be more robust, the colour of the Penny Black became a sort of browny red, but Hill’s brainchild had made its mark.
1. One of the characteristics of the postal service before the 1840s was that
A. postmen were employed by various organisations.
B. letters were restricted to a certain length.
C. distance affected the price of postage.
D. the price of delivery kept going up.
2. Letter writers in the 1830s
A. were not responsible for the cost of delivery.
B. tried to fit more than one letter into an envelope.
C. could only send letters to people living in cities.
D. knew all letters were automatically read by postal staff.
3. What does the text say about Hill in the 1830s?
A. He was the first person to express concern about the postal system.
B. He considered it would be more efficient for mail to be delivered by rail.
C. He felt that postal service reform was necessary for commercial development.
D. His plan received support from all the important figures of the day.
1 As a baby, Helen had normal sight and hearing.
(Khi còn bé, Helen có thị giác và thính giác bình thường.)
Thông tin: “"Helen Keller was born in 1880 in Alabama, with the ability to both see and hear, like any normal child.”
(Helen Keller sinh năm 1880 tại Alabama, có khả năng nhìn và nghe như bất kỳ đứa trẻ bình thường nào.)
Chọn True
2 A relation of one of the family servants gradually taught Helen sign language.
(Mối quan hệ của một trong những người hầu trong gia đình dần dần dạy Helen ngôn ngữ ký hiệu.)
Thông tin: “She learned to communicate with the daughter of the family cook using sign language that they invented together.”
(Cô học cách giao tiếp với con gái của một đầu bếp gia đình bằng ngôn ngữ ký hiệu mà họ cùng nhau phát minh ra.)
Chọn True
3 Helen's mother was very unhappy and frequently got cross with her.
(Mẹ của Helen rất không vui và thường xuyên cáu kỉnh với cô.)
Thông tin: “Her mother was very patient with her and tried to help her.”
(Mẹ cô đã rất kiên nhẫn với cô và cố gắng giúp đỡ cô.)
Chọn False
4 Anne Sullivan was partially blind.
(Anne Sullivan bị mù một phần.)
Thông tin: “Anne Sullivan, who was herself visually impaired...”
(Anne Sullivan, người bị khiếm thị...")
Chọn True
5 The first word that Helen understood through finger-spelling was 'doll'
(Từ đầu tiên mà Helen hiểu được khi đánh vần bằng ngón tay là 'búp bê')
Thông tin: “The first word she tried to teach her was 'doll' - Anne had brought Helen a doll as a present.”
(Từ đầu tiên cô ấy cố gắng dạy cho cô ấy là 'búp bê' - Anne đã mang cho Helen một con búp bê như một món quà.")
Chọn True
Invented by a French physician, René Théophile Hyacinthe Laennec, the stethoscopes a vital medical tool for (31). . doctors to listen to one body's internal Sounds tha are made by the heart, lungs and so on. The word "stethoscope originates from the. Greek words (32). mean "chest" and "observe". This device was created from an embarrassing situation in which the doctor was supposed to press his ear to female patient's chest for a medical check-up based on the traditional method. However the used a sheet of paper and rolled it into a tube to hear the patient's heartbeat. This moment led to the invention of the first wooden stethoscope in 1816. Since then, many other to perfect that invention. Until the early 1960s and the late 1970s, a Havard Medical as doctors (33)....... School professor, David Littman made and improved a new stethoscope which was not (34)...... the previous ones and had better acoustics. Today, a digital stethoscope which uses artificial intelligence Is expected to be the future of stethoscopes. It will be connected to a smartphone app that can store the patients' data and (35)....... heart problems within seconds. This will help doctors know the causes and choose a suitable treatment for their patients.
31 A Ø B the C some D. a
32 A.why C that B who D whom C.that
33. A were trying B have tried C.tried D. Try
34. A.so heavier B. as heavy C. heavier
D more heavy
35 A access B handle C face D notice