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Polyester is now being used for bottles. ICI, the chemicals and plastics company, believes that it is now beginning to break the grip of glass on the bottle business and thus take advantage of this huge market.

All the plastics manufacturers have been experiencing hard times as their traditional products have been doing badly world-wide for the last few years. Between 1982 and 1984 the Plastics Division of ICI had lost a hundred and twenty million dollars, and they felt that the most hopeful new market was in packaging, bottles and cans.

Since 1982 it has opened three new factories’ producing “Melinar” , the raw material from which high quality polyester bottles are made.

The polyester bottle was born in the 1970s, when soft drinks companies : like Coca Cola started selling their drinks in grant two-litre containers. Because of the build-up of the pressure of gas in these large containers, glass was unsuitable. Nor was PVC, the plastic which had been used for bottles since the 1960s, suitable for drinks with gas in them. A new plastic had to be made.

Glass is still cheaper for the smaller bottles, and will continue to be so unless oil and plastic become much cheaper, but plastic does well for the larger sizes.

Polyester bottles are virtually unbreakable. The manufacturers claim they are also lighter, less noisy when being handled, and can be re-used. Shopkeepers and other business people are unlikely to object to a change from glass to polyester, since these bottles mean few breakages, which are costly and time-consuming.The public, though, have been more difficult to persuade. ICI’s commercial department is developing different bottles with interesting shapes, to try and make them visually more attractive to the public.

The next step could be to develop a plastic which could replace tins for food. The problem here is the high temperatures necessary for cooking the food in the container.

1.Plastics of various kinds have been used for making bottles

A. since 1982.

B. since the 1970s but only for large bottles.

C. since the 1960s but not for liquids with gas in them.

D. since companies like Coca Cola first tried them.

2. Why is ICI’s Plastics Division interested in polyester for bottles?

A. The other things they make are not selling well.

B. Glass manufacturers cannot make enough new bottles.

C. They have factories which could be adapted to make it.

D. The price of oil keeps changing.

3. Why aren’t all bottles now made of polyester?

A. The price of oil and plastic has risen.

B. It is not suitable for containing gassy drinks.

C. The public like traditional glass bottles.

D. Shop keepers dislike re-usable bottles.

4. Manufacturers think polyester bottles are better than glass bottles because they

A. are cheaper.

B. are more suited to small sizes.

C. are more exciting to look at.

D. do not break easily.

5. Plastic containers for holding food in the same way as cans

A. have been used for many years.

B. are an idea that interests the plastics companies.

C. are possible, but only for hot food.

D. are the first things being made in the new factories.

1
1 tháng 10 2020

Polyester is now being used for bottles. ICI, the chemicals and plastics company, believes that it is now beginning to break the grip of glass on the bottle business and thus take advantage of this huge market.

All the plastics manufacturers have been experiencing hard times as their traditional products have been doing badly world-wide for the last few years. Between 1982 and 1984 the Plastics Division of ICI had lost a hundred and twenty million dollars, and they felt that the most hopeful new market was in packaging, bottles and cans.

Since 1982 it has opened three new factories’ producing “Melinar” , the raw material from which high quality polyester bottles are made.

The polyester bottle was born in the 1970s, when soft drinks companies : like Coca Cola started selling their drinks in grant two-litre containers. Because of the build-up of the pressure of gas in these large containers, glass was unsuitable. Nor was PVC, the plastic which had been used for bottles since the 1960s, suitable for drinks with gas in them. A new plastic had to be made.

Glass is still cheaper for the smaller bottles, and will continue to be so unless oil and plastic become much cheaper, but plastic does well for the larger sizes.

Polyester bottles are virtually unbreakable. The manufacturers claim they are also lighter, less noisy when being handled, and can be re-used. Shopkeepers and other business people are unlikely to object to a change from glass to polyester, since these bottles mean few breakages, which are costly and time-consuming.The public, though, have been more difficult to persuade. ICI’s commercial department is developing different bottles with interesting shapes, to try and make them visually more attractive to the public.

The next step could be to develop a plastic which could replace tins for food. The problem here is the high temperatures necessary for cooking the food in the container.

1.Plastics of various kinds have been used for making bottles

A. since 1982.

B. since the 1970s but only for large bottles.

C. since the 1960s but not for liquids with gas in them.

D. since companies like Coca Cola first tried them.

2. Why is ICI’s Plastics Division interested in polyester for bottles?

A. The other things they make are not selling well.

B. Glass manufacturers cannot make enough new bottles.

C. They have factories which could be adapted to make it.

D. The price of oil keeps changing.

3. Why aren’t all bottles now made of polyester? (Câu này mk hk chắc)

A. The price of oil and plastic has risen.

B. It is not suitable for containing gassy drinks.

C. The public like traditional glass bottles.

D. Shop keepers dislike re-usable bottles.

4. Manufacturers think polyester bottles are better than glass bottles because they

A. are cheaper.

B. are more suited to small sizes.

C. are more exciting to look at.

D. do not break easily.

5. Plastic containers for holding food in the same way as cans

A. have been used for many years.

B. are an idea that interests the plastics companies.

C. are possible, but only for hot food.

D. are the first things being made in the new factories.

11 tháng 7 2020

Coca-cola is enjoyed all over the world and it... are sold.. ( sell ) in over one hundred and sixty countries.The drink was inventend by Dr John Pemberton in Atlanta as a health drink on 8 May 1886. His partner ,frank robinson, ..gave .. ( give ) it the name Coca-Cola.In the frist year, they only ..sold.. ( sell ) nine drinks a day.

The business was bought by a man called Asa Candler in 1888,and the first factory was opened in dallas,texas,in 1895. Coca-Cola is still made there. They ..have produced..( produce ) billions of bottles and cans since 1895.

A. PHẦN TRẮC NGHIỆMI. Choose the word that has the stress pattern different from the others.1. A. cucumberB. orchestraC. equationD. rivalry2. A. entertainmentB. celebrationC. mausoleumD. experiment3. A. separateB. disappearC. nominateD. socialize4. A. recentB. ancientC. awakeD. ethnic5. A. applianceB. applicantC. pesticideD. instituteII. Choose the word or phrase that best completes the blank in each sentence.6. All of ______ children except my brother Ned will be in college this fall.A....
Đọc tiếp

A. PHẦN TRẮC NGHIỆM

I. Choose the word that has the stress pattern different from the others.

1. A. cucumberB. orchestraC. equationD. rivalry
2. A. entertainmentB. celebrationC. mausoleumD. experiment
3. A. separateB. disappearC. nominateD. socialize
4. A. recentB. ancientC. awakeD. ethnic
5. A. applianceB. applicantC. pesticideD. institute

II. Choose the word or phrase that best completes the blank in each sentence.

6. All of ______ children except my brother Ned will be in college this fall.

A. our

B. us

C. we

D. ours

7. If nothing is done to stop the loss of topsoil our greatest national resource______  in 50 years.

A. will go

B. will have gone

C. will be gone

D. will have been going

8. Screens, insecticides and various sprays______ to control flies.

A. used to try

B. are used to try

C. used to trying

D. are used to trying

9. With the destruction of the national land, hundreds of plants and animals______ able to survive.

A. are no more

B. no more are

C. are no longer

D. no longer are

10. Without a car, it takes a long time to get from______ .

A. a place to the other

B. one place to the other

C. a place to another

D. one place to another

11. Every criminal,______ the circumstances, should be severely punished.

A. regardless of

B. in spite of

C. let alone

D. however

12. Some people cannot______ the idea of devoting themselves to children.

A. endure

B. suffer

C. bear

D. undergo
13. “You’re late!” he said ______ am angry voice.

A. with

B. by

C. in

D. at

14. Beckham ______  for the national team in 100 matches so far.

A. has played

B. played

C. was playing

D. has been playing

15. It’s bad enough when you get divorced, but far______ when you lose children as well.

A. bad

B. worse

C. worst

D. the worst

16. We often heard the voices of the crews of fishing boats passing across the bay they soon faded away______ the distance.

A. into

B. beyond

C. out of

D. above

17. The universe as we know it ______  with a great explosion.

A. can begin

B. can have begun

C. might begin

D. might have begun

18. The enjoyable thing about traveling by train______ by car is that you can sleep or read during the burney.

A. better than

B. more than

C. rather than

D. other than

19. He was tempted to steal the money when he saw it______ on the table.

A. lie

B. lying

C. lay

D. laying

20. By studying the bones of prehistorie men, scientists hope to determine what their owners______ .

A. ate

B. have eaten

C. had eaten

D. have been eating

21. The government doesn’t realize______ powerful organization Greenpeace can be.

A. such a

B. what a

C. how

D. whether a

22. To be elected as president, a candidate______  win a majority of votes.

A. should

B. can

C. may

D. must

23. The pictures showed that Jupiter is surrounded by at 13 moons and there may be______ .

A. 14^{th}

B. a 14^{th}

C. the 14^{th}

D. one 14^{th}

24 . ______ all birds, penguins are the most fully adapted to water and extreme cold.

A. Among

B. Of

C. In

D. Out of

25. We should do everything we can______ these kinds of things from happening again.

A. prevent

B. to prevent

C. preventing

D. for preventing

26. Don’t be______  by false advertisements. If something looks too good to be true, it probably is.

A. taken in

B. given up

C. put off

D. put down

27. When driving, you must give your ______  attention to what you are doing.

A. full

B. best

C. extreme

D. high

28. “His mother is a painter and his father is a poet.”
“ ______ he’s such a talented artist.”

A. No matter

B. No surprise

C. No wonder

D. Not to mention

29. He is prepared to die rather than ______  his promise.

A. miss

B. lose

C. break

D. swallow

30. The firm ______  bankrupt and their shares became worthless.

A. got

B. went

C. turned

D. found

31. Every six months the managers have a meeting to evaluate everyone’s ______

A. position

B. perspective

C. promotion

D. performance

32. The decision to switch careers was definitely ______  risk for me.

A. an estimated

B. an expected

C. a supposed

D. a calculated

33. “I’m thinking about seeing a doctor”
      “You______  two weeks ago”

A. should have to go

B. would have to go

C. ought to have gone

D. must have gone

34. He had taken a bad fall, so the fans were ______ when he stood up and waved at them.

A. relieved

B. released

C. lasted

D. served

35. After he ______  his time in prison, he decided to become a counselor for young people.

A. passed

B. performed

C. lasted

D. served

36. Do you know what to do in the______ that your clothes catch on fire?

A. case

B. event

C. situation

D. fact

37. Many animals these days are becoming ______ either directly or indirectly because of people.

A. exhausted

B. inactive

C. distinct

D. extinct

38. The management promise to______ action if the customer has been poorly treated by staff.

A. take

B. get

C. make

D. do

39. As soon as she saw the open door, she knew her house had been______ .

A. burgled

B. stolen

C. broken

D. robbed

40. This job requires certain______ . You have to be good at operating computers and dealing with people.

A. qualifications

B. skills

C. techniques

D. knowledge

41. I usually buy the supermarket’s own______ of canned vegetables, because they are cheaper.

A. brand

B. label

C. package

D. type

42. In 1890, at the ______  of the century, there were very few cars in the world.

A. turn

B. birth

C. finish

D. change

43. Prices of accommodation______ greatly depending on location.

A. semicolon

B. dash 

C. colon

D. full stop

45. The charity provides advice and support for______ of crime.

A. sufferers

B. victims

C. perpetrators

D. survivors

III. For questions 46 – 55, read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each space

ADVENTURES IN THE FILM WORLD

The latest blockbuster to hit out cinemas is an adventure film which was made (46) ____ location in Spain. The (47) ____ is quite, a teenager discovers (48)____ secret papers which show’ that the President is in danger. Then she
disappears!
     We interviewed the actress who (49)____ the part of the teenager in the film, Juliet Roberts. It (50)____ things did not always go well during the production. First. Juliet nearly missed being in the film. Apparently, a copy of the (51)____ . which the producer had sent her to read, got lost in the post. Then, in the middle of filming, part of the background (52)____ fell on a member of the camera (53)____ . Luckily, the man was not seriously hurt they had to (54)____  another cameraman to take his place at short notice. Something even worse happened a few days when the director slipped and broke his leg. It (55) ____ him quite a long time to recover the shock and had to direct the final scenes of the from his wheelchair.

46. A. onB. inC. atD. to
47. A. plotB. intrigueC. dramaD. line
48. A. anyB. theC. someD. few
49. A. doesB. playsC. makesD. holds
50. A.looksB. seemsC. strikesD. tells
51. A. linesB. wordsC. scriptD. title
52. A. settingB. sceneryC. sceneD. view
53. A. partyB. workersC. artistsD. crew
54. A. rentB. buyC. hireD. purchase
55. A. neededB. usedC. lastedD. took

IV. For questions 56 – 60, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text.

Dr. Jonas Salk is credited with developing the first vaccine to fight against the dreaded polio. Born in New York in 1914, Salk received his medical degree from New York University College of Medicine in 1939 and later attended the School of Public Heath at the University of Michigan.

Salk was very interested in preventive medicine. He worked for the army on producing a vaccine against influenza for five years from 1942 to 1947. In 1949, a group at Harvard University led by John Enders developed a method to grow the polio virus in quantity so that it could be studied further. This discovery was important as it allowed Salk and his fellow workers to study the disease in greater detail.

By 1952, Salk’s group had successfully tested a polio vaccine using an inactive polio virus. In 1954, there were field tests done on a large scale. Initially, there were many different vaccines being used among the public, and there were some deaths associated with the vaccinations. However, Salk’s vaccine proved to be the best and was used without further problems. What was once a dreaded killer had been tamed by the work of Dr. Jonas Salk and co-workers.

56.I from 1942 to 1947, Salk

A. studied for a degree in preventive medicine.

B. developed two new vaccines

C. was employed by the army

D. attended the University of Michigan

57. In what year was massive testing of Salk’s polio vaccine conducted?

A. 1947

B. 1949

C. 1952

D. 1954

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58. The phrase “a dreaded killer” in the third paragraph refers to

A. the vaccine

B. polio

C. Dr. Salk

D. the field fest

59. What was one of Dr. Salk’s main interests?

A. trying to vaccinate many people

B. trying to study influenza

C. trying to receive a medical degree

D. trying to prevent diseases

60. Which of these statements is true about John Enders?

A. He worked for Dr. Salk’s group

B. He aided Br. Salk’s group

C. He developed a polio vaccine

D. He found a way to kill the polio virus

V. For questions 61 – 65, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text.

Polyester is now being used for bottles. ICI., the chemicals and plastics company, believes that it is now beginning to the grip of glass on the bottles business and thus take advantage of this huge market.

All the plastics manufacturers have been experiencing hard times as their traditional products have been doing badly worldwide for the last few years. Between 1982 and 1984 the Plastics Division of ICI had lost a hundred and twenty million dollars and they fell that the most hopeful new market was in packaging, bottles and cans.

Since 1982 it has opened there new factories producing “Melinar”, the raw material from which high quality polyester bottles are made.

The polyester bottle was born in the 1970s, when soft drink companies like Coca Cola started selling their drinks in giant two-litre containers. Because of the build-up the pressure of gas in these large containers, glass was unsuitable. Nor was PVC, the plastic which had been used for bottles since the 1960s, suitable for drinks with gas in them. A new plastic had to the made.

Glass is still cheaper for the smaller bottles, and will continue to be so unless oil and plastic become much cheaper, but plastic does well for the larger sizes.

Polyester bottles are virtually unbreakable. The manufacturers claim they are also lighter also, less noisy when being handled, and can be re-used. Shopkeepers and other business people are unlikely to object to a change from glass to polyester, since these bottles mean few breakages, which are costly and time- consuming. The bottles with interesting shapes, to try and make them visually more attractive to the public.

The next step could be to develop a plastic which could replace tins for food. The problem here is the high temperatures necessary for cooking the food in the container.

61. Plastics of various kinds have been used for making bottles

A. since 1982

B. since the 1970s but only for large bottles

C. since the 1960s but not for liquids with gas in them

D. since the 1970s but only for large bottles.

62. Why is ICI’s Plastics Division interested in polyester for bottles?

A. The other things they make are not selling well

B. Glass manufacturers cannot make enough new bottles

C. They have factories which could be adapted to make it

D. The price of oil keeps changing

63. Why aren’t all bottles now made of polyester?

A. The price of oil and plastic has risen

B. It is not suitable for containing gassy drinks

C. The public like traditional glass bottles

D. Shop-keepers dislike re-usable bottles.

64. Manufacturers think polyester bottles are better than glass bottles because they

A. are cheaper

B. are more suited to small sizes

C. are more exciting to look at

D. do not break easily

65. Plastic containers for holding food in the same way as cans.

A. have been used for many years.

B. are an idea that interests the plastic companies

C. are possible, but only for hot food

D. are the first things being made in the new factories.

VI. For questions 66 – 70, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text.

Although party invitations no longer frightened me, I still found myself making careful preparations for this particular party. I got a hair-cut. laid out my best suit, selected a special, tie, and cuff links. I had recently gone on a diet, but because I didn’t want to look too thin. I discontinued it. What should I bring my hosts? Flowers? What kind of wine? Sherry? Or possibly even champagne? Meeting new people was still a major undertaking.

It was scheduled for this Saturday and I decided to take a cab to the suburb where it was being held. It was early autumn and the weather had been mild, but that morning it turned cold and rainy, and as I listened to the steam hissing in my radiator, it already felt like midwinter. Trees, visible from my window, covered will foliage only yesterday, had become bare overnight. Churning clouds augured a further change in the weather. From my new paper I learned that a hurricane which had already struck another state as on its way to New York, though it might veer out to sea. The storm left destruction in its wake. In one village an entire cottage was sheared from its foundation and blown into the ocean together with its occupants.

As I lay in bed the morning of the party, I envisioned a change also taking place in me. A loose tooth which hadn’t bothered me suddenly sent a stabbing pain through my jaw. Ordinarily I’m not to headaches, but I awoke with a dull ache on the left side of my head. Several disturbing dreams had given me a restless night, though 1 could only remember them vaguely. In one dream I recalled shouting at someone and being involved in a light. There was also something about an animal, but what it was I couldn’t recollect. What did stay with me afterwards was the despairing knowledge that one leads a double – each part hermetically scaled off from the other.

66. The narrator

A. was afraid of parties.

B. went on a diet for this party.

C. bought a new suit when he had to meet new people.

D. was shy of meeting new people.

67. The party was to be held

A. in midwinter

B. in a few days

C. in the morning

D. in a village

68. The storm

A. destroyed a village.

B. was dying down.

C. might reach New York.

D. destroyed the tree outside his room.

69. The narrator

A. suffered from headaches.

B. always had toothaches.

C. had slept badly

D. was stabbed in the jaw.

70. Why was the narrator upset?

A. The storm was so bad.

B. He had a fight with an animal.

C. He couldn’t go to the party.

D. He couldn’t understand his dreams.

VII. For question 71 – 75, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text.

Half of the planet’s population lives in cites, yet they consume 75% of the world’s resources and create most of its pollution. This means that all governments are going to have to create effective recycling plans. In cities where recycling schemes have been successful, it is possible to recycle 95% of all household waste. It takes 30 – 40% less energy to make paper from recycled materials than it does to make it from trees. Statistics show that there is a growing awareness of the importance of recycling, and countries such as Sweden already recycle much of their waste.

As the burning of fossil fuel is a major cause of pollution we will have to turn to other energy sources and what could be a better source than the sun? Solar energy is getting cheaper and can produce power even in cloudy conditions. The Japanese have already developed solar-electric roof tiles which are going to make entire buildings self-sufficient, greatly cutting down the need for fossil fuel.

71. Who consumes 75% of the world’s resources?

A. people living in the country.

B. people who recycle.

C. 50% of the world’s population.

D. the Asians.

72. What is the advantage of recycled paper?

A. It needs less energy to produce it.

B. It is better quality

C. It is of less value.

D. It comes from household waste.

73. What is a major source of pollution?

A. solar energy.

B. fossil fuel burning.

C. the green house effect.

D. the ozone layer.

74. What was one disadvantage of solar – energy?

A. It was expensive.

B. It couldn’t operate cars.

C. It caused pollution,

D. It had to be placed on high buildings.

75. The phrase “cutting down” in the paragraph means?

A. controlling.

B. reducing.

C. satisfying.

D. emphasizing.

VIII. Choose the word that has the underlined part pronounced differently from the others.

 76. A. unleaded B. unleash C. leader D. luflet
 77. A. sour B. pour C. bought D. mourning
 78. A. pleasant B. adviser C. measure D. misery
 79. A. soften B. brighten C. moisten D. listen
 80. A. coping B. copping C. copper D. copying

IX. For questions 81 – 90, read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each space.

HOW COOL! I’VE BEEN BITTEN BY A TARANTULA

A student’s trip to the rainforests of Borneo ended in a race to save her life after she was bitten by a bitten by a tarantula – an experience she described as “cool”. Lucy Watson, 20, was four weeks (81) ____ a conservation expedition when the (82)____ spider bit her on the arm. Other group (83) ____ carried the Durham University student for mine hours through the jungle. The difficult (84) ____ was followed by a three-hour drive to a hospital, where Lucy was treated (85) ____  antibiotics. Later, she was able to (86) ____ the bright side – her first words over the phone to her anxious parents were. “How cool! I’ve been bitten by a tarantula”. She was (87) ____ the next day and immediately returned to the expedition. Lucy’s parents were told of the accident by the tour organizer. Trekforce Expeditions, which (88)____ them at home in England. Mrs. Watson said “When
she (89) ____ to the hospital, she was covered in mud and she had her first good shower (90) ____ four weeks”. Lucy, who has just completed the second year of her physics degree decided to go on the expedition at the last minute.

 

81. A. at  B. throughC. inD. into
82. A. toxic  B. poisonousC. mortalD. fatal
83. A. colleagues B. leadersC. membersD. comrades
84. A. trek  B. strollC. biteD. ramble
85.A. to B. withC. byD. for
86. A. look B. understandC. knowD. see
87. A. expelled B. dischargedC. evacuatedD. detained
88. A. contacted   B.spokeC. saidD. reported
89. A. arrived   B. enteredC. gotD. reached
90. A. after B. ofC. fromD. in

X. Choose the lettered part that contains a mistake.

91. In 1939 the (A) Ohio and Mississippi rivers overflowed and caused the worst (B) flood never (C) known in the (D) United States.

92. The public was (A) of the opinion that the murder  (B)should have to stay (C) with the other (D) prisoners.

93. While (A) the numbers of this (B)species are increasing,(C) they are still considered to be (D) endangered.

94. She’d lost her most favorite (A)books moths ago. but one day (B)it just turned up (C) in an old box in (D) the attic.

95. Because his behavior in (A)prison was so (B)good they let him out (C) after only few years (D)

96. Abolitionist write and former slave, Frederick Douglass, was (A)impressed with Lincoln because they (B)found him entirely (C) free of (D) prejudice.

97. The (A)Mediterranean climate is little (B)suited to stock – breeding; only sheeps (C) and goats can make use of the extensive feeding grounds (D) with their meager rainfall.

98. Many Shakespeare’s (A)plays wouldn’t have survived (B) of two of his (C) theoretical associates hadn’t put this Folio together(D) after his death.

99. A ghost jet (A)with no one (B)at the controls flew hundreds of (C) miles in Britain (D) last night on a trip of horror.

100. All the students (A)are looking forward to spend (B)their free time relaxing (C) in (D) the sun this summer.

B. PHẦN TỰ LUẬN

I. Complete the passage below by writing one word in each gap. Write your answer on the answer sheet.

JEANNE DIXON

Jeanne Dixon began making predictions when she was a little girl. She had a crystal ball that she (1)____ to peer into the future. She correctly predicted several events. (2)____ the death of her grandfather.

Dixon made many predictions about the future throughout her life, but the (3)____ that brought her the most fame was her prediction of the assassination of President Kennedy. In 1952. she (4)____ a vision. She saw a man with blue eyes living in the White House. He was going to die a violent (5)____ Eight years later, John Kennedy, a man with blue eyes. (6)____ president of the United States. On November 22, 1963, Jeanne told her friends, “(7)____ terrible is going to happen today”. Then, they heard an announcement. President Kennedy had been shot. 

(8)____ of Dixon’s major predictions was the death of President Kennedy’s brother Robert. (9)____ day. she was walking through a hotel in Los Angeles, Suddenly, she (10)____ and said. “Robert Kennedy is going to be killed here”. Soon after that, in June 1968. Robert Kennedy was shot in that exact place. 

Dixon accurately predicted the deaths of several (11)____ celebrities. She also prediction other kinds of events, for (12)____ , a big earthquake in Alaska in 1964. She made a number of inaccurate predictions as (13)____ , but people don’t seem to remember as many of these. 

Janne Dixon died in 1997, but she (14)____ behind several predictions which could still come (15)____ . One of them is that intelligent life be discovered on another planet.

II. Use the words given in capitals at the end of each sentence to from a word that fits in the space.

1. The company is keen to develop its own______ in the area of computer programming. EXPERT

2. He was ______about his looks, spending hours in the gym. VANITY

3. They knew that a vaccine for the virus was______ possible. THEORY

4. Over 30,000______ will run in the New York marathon. COMPETE

5. The names of all the dead were______ on the monument. SCRIPT

6. The new director of the TV station is likely to make major changes in______  PERSON

7. They’re got a model village that you can visit, with all the buildings and roads in______ . MINI

8. They claim that the fall in unemployment is based on a ______manipulation of statistics. FRAUD

9. The company was inefficient because it was highly______. BUREAU

10. Gathered all together in the church, they are going to ______those who lost their lives in the Great War. MEMORY

III. Finish each of following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the sentences printed before it.

1. “You can’t go to David’s house until you’ve done your homework”, Father told James.

—> Father refused ……………………………………………………………………………………..

2. Perhaps Miss Brahms was the person who spoke to you.

—>It …………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. I’m afraid we’ve run out of coffee.

—> I’m afraid there …………………………………………………………………………………..

4. Marion was unable to go to the party because she had such a lot of work.

—> Marion had so ……………………………………………………………………………………..

5. Thousands of people were unable to get to work because of the bad weather.

—> The bad weather ………………………………………………………………………………….

6. It’s a waste of time mending that old pullover.

—>That old pullover is not ……………………………………………………………………………

7. It wasn’t until I was 16 that I learned to swim.

—> I only …………………………………………………………………………………………………..

8. Ray didn’t recover from his illness for several months.

—> It took …………………………………………………………………………………………………..

9. I would prefer you not to smoke in my house.

—> I would rather ………………………………………………………………………………………..

10. It’s such a pity that you couldn’t come to our party.

—> I wish …………………………………………………………………………………………………..

IV. For each of the sentences below, write a new sentence as similar as possible in meaning to the original sentence, but using the word givens. This word must not be altered in any way.

1. They hadn’t been to that part of town before, but he had. UNLIKE

2. He just failed to break the world record. SUCCEED

3. She’s too experienced a player to fall into that trap. ENOUGH

4. Why don’t we hire a rowing boat for an hour? ABOUT

5. Who else was this information available to? ACCESS

V. Write a paragraph in 150 – 180 words, on the following topic:

Describe your ideal English teacher. What is his or her most important characteristic?

3
15 tháng 11 2018

I. Choose the word that has the stress pattern different from the others.

1. A. cucumberB. orchestraC. equationD. rivalry
2. A. entertainmentB. celebrationC. mausoleumD. experiment
3. A. separateB. disappearC. nominateD. socialize
4. A. recentB. ancientC. awakeD. ethnic
5. A. applianceB. applicantC. pesideD. institute
 
15 tháng 11 2018

VIII. Choose the word that has the underlined part pronounced differently from the others.

 76. A. unleaded B. unleash C. leader D. luflet
 77. A. sour B. pour C. bought D. mourning
 78. A. pleasant B. adviser C. measure D. misery
 79. A. soften B. brighten C. moisten D. listen
 80. A. coping B. copping C. copper D. copying
 
1. __________ the tornado hit, there was very little left standing. A. Despite B. Although C. Before D. After 3. ______ housing isn’t enough – we also need job opportunities. A. Exciting B. Affordable C. Immediate D. Technical III. Read the following passage. Decide if the statements from 13 to 16 are True or False, and choose the correct answers (A, B, C or D) for questions 17 and 18. (1.5 pts) Plastics is the term commonly used to describe a wide range of synthetic or semi- synthetic...
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1. __________ the tornado hit, there was very little left standing.
A. Despite B. Although C. Before D. After

3. ______ housing isn’t enough – we also need job opportunities.
A. Exciting B. Affordable C. Immediate D. Technical

III. Read the following passage. Decide if the statements from 13 to 16 are True or
False, and choose the correct answers (A, B, C or D) for questions 17 and 18. (1.5 pts)
Plastics is the term commonly used to describe a wide range of synthetic or semi-
synthetic materials that are used in a huge and growing range of applications. Everywhere
you look, you will find plastics. We use plastic products to help make our lives cleaner,
easier, safer and more enjoyable. We find plastics in the clothes we wear, the houses we live
in, and the cars we travel in. The toys we play with, the televisions we watch, the computers
we use and the DVDs we watch all contain plastics.
Plastics are organic materials, just like wood, paper or wool. The raw materials used to
produce plastics are natural products such as cellulose, coal, natural gas, salt and, of course,
crude oil. Plastics have become the modern material of choice because they make it possible
to balance today’s needs with environmental concerns.
The term “plastic” is derived from the Greek word “plastikos”, meaning fit for moulding.
This refers to the material’s malleability, or plasticity during manufacture, which allows it to be
cast, pressed, or extruded into a variety of shapes - such as films, fibres, plates, tubes,
bottles, boxes, and much more.

(Adapted from https://www.plasticseurope.org)

13. Plastics is the term describing a wide range of synthetic materials only.
14. We find plastics everywhere except the clothes we wear.
15. Cellulose, coal, natural gas, salt and crude oil can be used to produce plastics.
16. The word “plastic” in English has its origin in Greek.
17. What is the passage mainly about?
A. Synthetic or semi-synthetic materials
B. Plastic products in everyday life
C. General understanding of plastics
D. Raw materials used to produce plastics
18. What allows plastic to be cast, pressed, or extruded into a variety of shapes?
A. Its high boiling point B. Its toughness
C. Its cellulose origin D. Its malleability

Mấy câu này giải thích cựn cẽ giups mình nha không hiểu lắm.Làm ơn.

0
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks.The development of writing (1) ______ a huge difference to the world and might see it as the beginning of the (2) ______. Pieces of pottery with marks on that are probably numbers have been discovered in China that date from around 4000 BC. Hieroglyphics and other forms of "picture writing" developed in the (3) _______ around...
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Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks.

The development of writing (1) ______ a huge difference to the world and might see it as the beginning of the (2) ______. Pieces of pottery with marks on that are probably numbers have been discovered in China that date from around 4000 BC. Hieroglyphics and other forms of "picture writing" developed in the (3) _______ around Mesopotamia (mordern-day Iraq), where the ancent Sumerian civilization was based, from around 3300 BC onwards. However, the first (4)________ alphabet was used by the Phoenicians around 1050BC. Their alphabet had 22 letters and it is estimated that it lasted for 1000 years. The first two signs were called "aleph" and "beth", which in Greek became "alpha" and "beta", which gave us the (5) ________ word "alphabet".

Question 1

A. did

B. had

C. made

D. took

1
17 tháng 6 2018

Đáp án: C

Giải thích: cấu trúc "to make a difference" : tạo nên sự khác biệt, làm nên sự khác biệt.

The word jeans comes from a kind of material that was made in Europe. The material, called jean, was named after sailors from Genoa in Italy, because they wore clothes made from it. In the 18th century jean cloth was made completely from cotton and workers at that time loved wearing it because the material was very strong and it did not wear out easily. In the 1960s, many university and college students wore jeans. Designers made different styles of jeans to match the 1960s’ fashions:...
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The word jeans comes from a kind of material that was made in Europe. The material, called jean, was named after sailors from Genoa in Italy, because they wore clothes made from it. In the 18th century jean cloth was made completely from cotton and workers at that time loved wearing it because the material was very strong and it did not wear out easily. In the 1960s, many university and college students wore jeans. Designers made different styles of jeans to match the 1960s’ fashions: embroidered jeans, painted jeans and so on. In the 1970s more and more people started wearing jeans because they became cheaper. In the 1980s jeans finally became high fashion clothing, when famous designers started making their own styles of jeans, with their own labels on them. Sales of jeans went up and up. But in the 1990s the worldwide economic situation got worse, and the sale of jeans stopped growing. However, jeans have never been out of fashion, and today- young generation is still fond of wearine them.

Mọi người ơi giúp e tóm tắt bài này với ạ!!

0
I. Read the passage and choose the best answer from A, B, C or D. LIFE OF A MAN Thomas is now in his sixties, and is one of the many homeless people who live on the streets he buys a newspaper most days. Today, with his fellow tramps, he reads about yesterday’ s student demonstration. Like many of the tramps that live under the bridge in New York, Thomas was not always so poor. A long time ago he was in the Navy, and like many who have been to sea for a long time, he has stayed slim and...
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I. Read the passage and choose the best answer from A, B, C or D. LIFE OF A MAN Thomas is now in his sixties, and is one of the many homeless people who live on the streets he buys a newspaper most days. Today, with his fellow tramps, he reads about yesterday’ s student demonstration. Like many of the tramps that live under the bridge in New York, Thomas was not always so poor. A long time ago he was in the Navy, and like many who have been to sea for a long time, he has stayed slim and fit. Despite the strict organization on board ship, he loved the life, and had the opportunity to see many countries. He visited Poland and Russia; in South Africa he realized what he valued in each country was the people he met. He was always astonished and delighted by the ways in which the people he met differed from one country to another. Some day, he hopes, everyone will see the world as he does. After many happy years in Navy, he had to retire. The good things in life always come to an end. His mother and father had long since died and he’d lost touch with his other relatives. He came to New York and became an industrial designer. He was happy, although it wasn’t the same as the sea. He never wanted to get married and have children. And then there was the period of darkness. He smiles sadly. He shrugs his shoulders and looks at his hands. There are tears in the corners of his eyes. This is something that he cannot bring himself to talk about. “It all went wrong”, he whispers. He was silent for a minute; then recovered. He began to talk more loudly. “Look at me now­ it makes me angry. And what about the President? He’s been in power for years, and look what he’s done for us. Nothing! I’m still out on the streets and live the life of a tramp.” 39. It would appear that Thomas _________ A. has organized a protest recently. B. takes an interest in important events. C. has no contact with other homeless people. D. is not as poor as he used to be. 40. When Thomas was in the Navy, he _________ A. only visited three countries. B. enjoyed the strict life on board ship. C. was very well paid for the job he did. D. liked meeting people from different countries. 41. Thomas changed his job because he _________ A. was too old to stay in the Navy. B. wanted to start a family. C. wanted to be near his relatives in New York. D. did not enjoy the work any more. 42. Thomas lost his job and became a tramp because _________ A. he did not have any family. B. he was tired of doing normal job. C. of reasons he does not want to discuss D. of the death of his parents. 43. The text states that Thomas thinks the President _________ A. should not allow home people to stay on the streets. B.should increase pensions for oldpeople. C. has not had enough time to change things. D.should have done more to help people like him
2
24 tháng 9 2018

39. It would appear that Thomas _________

A. has organized a protest recently.

B. takes an interest in important events.

C. has no contact with other homeless people.

D. is not as poor as he used to be.

40. When Thomas was in the Navy, he _________

A. only visited three countries.

B. enjoyed the strict life on board ship.

C. was very well paid for the job he did.

D. liked meeting people from different countries.

41. Thomas changed his job because he _________

A. was too old to stay in the Navy.

B. wanted to start a family.

C. wanted to be near his relatives in New York.

D. did not enjoy the work any more.

42. Thomas lost his job and became a tramp because _________

A. he did not have any family.

B. he was tired of doing normal job.

C. of reasons he does not want to discuss

D. of the death of his parents.

43. The text states that Thomas thinks the President _________

A. should not allow home people to stay on the streets.

B.should increase pensions for oldpeople.

C. has not had enough time to change things.

D.should have done more to help people like him

24 tháng 9 2018

xin lỗi các bạn vì bài khó nhìn quá. Mk đã viết cách ra rõ ràng mà chả hiểu sao gửi xong nó lại xít vào như vậy

 Xin chào tất cả các em, chúng mình cùng tiếp tục chuỗi các câu hỏi ôn tập thi vào lớp 10 môn Tiếng Anh cùng Hoc24 nhé!Read the following article about how to be environmentally friendly and decide in which paragraph (A - E) the following are mentioned. Write your answer (A, B, C, D, or E). Write one letter for each answer. The paragraphs may be chosen more than once.A. FAIR TRADEFarmers in developing countries are some of the most vulnerable people on earth, prey to world...
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Xin chào tất cả các em, chúng mình cùng tiếp tục chuỗi các câu hỏi ôn tập thi vào lớp 10 môn Tiếng Anh cùng Hoc24 nhé!

Read the following article about how to be environmentally friendly and decide in which paragraph (A - E) the following are mentioned. Write your answer (A, B, C, D, or E). Write one letter for each answer. The paragraphs may be chosen more than once.

A. FAIR TRADE

Farmers in developing countries are some of the most vulnerable people on earth, prey to world commodity markets, middlemen and the weather. So-called “fair trade” arrangements guarantee co-operative groups a price above the world market and a bonus on top. The growing fair-trade market has distributed hundreds of millions of pounds to more than 50 million people worldwide. But critics say that fair trade will never lift a country out of poverty; indeed, it may keep it there, because the money generated from the sale goes almost in its entirety to rich countries which promote the products. As a simple guide, only about 5% of the sale price of a fair-trade chocolate bar may actually go to a poor country.

B. ORGANIC FOOD

For food to be organic it must be free of added chemicals, both in the growing of the food and in the killing of the pests that might damage the crop. In a world where many manufactured chemicals have never been properly tested for safety, this is a very big selling point. Parents are thus prepared to pay a premium for organic food, especially when chemicals suspected of causing a variety of problems have been found, albeit in tiny quantities, in most children’s blood. The problem is that many farmers have not switched to organic in sufficient numbers to satisfy this growing market. As a result, supermarkets are often forced to fly vegetables as they can label “organic” halfway around the world, at a great cost to the planet in extra greenhouse gases. Environmentalists are now urging shoppers to buy locally produced vegetables, even if they are not organic and have been sprayed with pesticides.

C. RECYCLING

A great shift has taken place in the way we think about rubbish. Where once we were happy to bury it in landfills or dump it at sea, we are now being urged by national and local governments to recycle it and think of waste as a resource. The wheelie-bin culture is being replaced by a series of kerbside collections for paper, metals, plastic, bottles, clothes and compost. The idea is to cut landfill as well as saving the planet. It is, however, having some unexpected consequences. Most of Britain's plastic and paper is now being sent for recycling in China or India, which creates more greenhouse gases just to get it there, plus workers then have to separate it. Meanwhile, some paper and bottles carefully sorted out by householders end up being dumped in landfills after all, because the demand for recycled materials constantly fluctuates.

D. BEING CARBON NEUTRAL

If you want to make yourself feel better about the planet, there are lots for you to ease your conscience by becoming “carbon neutral”. One of the most appealing methods is to pay for someone to plant trees, preferably creating or regenerating new forests. The theory is that trees grow by absorbing carbon dioxide and giving out oxygen storing the carbon in their trunks. But woods and forests create their own mini-climate, which collects and stores water and creates rainclouds. Added to this, there is the potential problem that planting trees often releases carbon stored in the soil – and what happens if the forests catch fire, or are chopped down and harvested for timber? Another and perhaps better solution might be to invest in small-scale hydro-electric schemes, so that people who live in the Himalayas, for example, and currently do not have electricity, can develop a 21st-century lifestyle without polluting the planet.

E. ECO-TOURISM

The idea of “green” tourism is to persuade local people not to chop down forests, shoot elephants or wipe out tigers, but to preserve them so rich tourists visit and peer at the wildlife through binoculars. Unfortunately, the best money is made from reintroducing animals for trophy hunting by the very rich- an idea which does not always meet with approval and has caused much debate. While tourists may help sustain some national parks, they often create as many problems as they solve. One is that they tend to demand all mod cons in their hotels, such as a great deal of water for showers; a luxury sometimes not available for locals. Eco-tourism, when properly managed, can offer the locals and the animals a brighter future. Sometimes, though, the only winners are a few business people who own hotels.

 

In which section is the following mentioned?

a controversial pastime that rises considerable money?Question 1. ______ 
an action that creates a different weather patternQuestion 2. ______ 

an undesirable result of unnecessary global transportation

(NB. You must provide two different option)
Question 3. ______Question 4. _____
inadequate research into harmful substances Question 5. ______ 
a continual change in what is required or neededQuestion 6. ______ 
people at the greatest risk from factors beyond their controlQuestion 7. ______ 
a far-reaching change in official attitudeQuestion 8. ______ 

a benefit for those the scheme was not originally intended for

(NB. You must provide two different option)
Question 9. ______Question 10. _____
the bringing of a source of energy to remote areasQuestion 11. _____ 
a failure to adapt in order to meet increasing demandsQuestion 12. _____ 

 

Goodluck!

0

không trả lời thì đừng spam linh tinh nha bạn!!!

Giup minh vs nha!! One day in 1963, a dolphin named Elvar and a famous astronomer, Carl Sagan, were playing a little game. The astronomer was visiting an institute which was looking into the way dolphins communicate with each other. He was standing at the edge of one of tanks where several of these highly intelligent, friendly creatures were kept. Elvar had just swum up alongside him and had turned on his back. He wanted Sagan to scratch his stomach again, as the astronomer had done twice...
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Giup minh vs nha!!

One day in 1963, a dolphin named Elvar and a famous astronomer, Carl Sagan, were playing a little game. The astronomer was visiting an institute which was looking into the way dolphins communicate with each other. He was standing at the edge of one of tanks where several of these highly intelligent, friendly creatures were kept. Elvar had just swum up alongside him and had turned on his back. He wanted Sagan to scratch his stomach again, as the astronomer had done twice before. But this time Elvar was too deep in the water for Sagan to reach him. Elvar looked up at Sagan, waiting. Then, after a minute or so, the dolphin leapt up through the water into the air and made a sound just like the words "More!"

The astonished astronomer went to the director of the institute and told him about the incident.

"Oh, yes. That´s one of the words he knows," the director said, showing no surprise at all.

Dolphins have bigger brains in proportion to their body size than humans have, and it has been known for a long time that they can make a number of sounds. What is more, these sounds seem to have different functions, such as warning each other of danger. Sound travels much faster and further in water than it does in air. That is why the parts of the brain that deal with sound are much better developed in dolphins than in humans. But can it be said that dolphins have a "language", in the real sense of the word? Scientist don´t agree on this.

1/ The dolphin leapt into the air because

A. Sagan was too near the water

B. it was part of the game they were playing.

C. he wanted Sagan to scratch him again

D. Sagan wanted to communicate with him

2/ "Dolphins" brains are particularly well developed to

A. help them to travle fast in water

B. arrange sounds in different structures

C. respond to different kinds of sound

D. communicate with humans through sound

Read the text on the tight about the invention of semaphore. Five sentences have been removed. Choose from sentences A-F the one which fits each gap (l-4).There is one extra sentence which you do not need. There is an example at the beginning (0).

A Using ropes, these could be moved to form 49 different shapes that could be recognized easily.

B The main problem was that it could not be used during the night or on foggy days.

C These messages could be sent very quickly.

D The new republic faced enemies on all sides in the form of the forces of Britain, Austria, Holland, Prussia and Spain.

E In August 1794, it carried its first message, the news of Napoleon's victory at Le Quenoy.

F A system was built between London and the south coast, and other countries followed.

War has been called 'the mother of invention', and this was certainly true in the French Revolutionary wars in 1792. 1 | D | What the Revolutionary Government urgently needed was a reliable system of communication.

Claude Chappe, who was a priest and an engineer, had developed a telegraph system, but had not been able to test it fully. However, his brother Ignace was a member of the government, and arranged for Claude's system to be tested. It turned out to be a great success and started a new form of high-speed communication.

The two brothers had a series of towers built 5 to 10 km apart. At the top of each tower was a tall wooden mast, and they attached one horizontal and two vertical wooden beams to this mast. Claude called this system 'semaphore', which comes from the Greek meaning 'bearing a sign'. 2 ( )

Operators in each tower watched neighbouring towers through a telescope and then passed the message on to the next one in the line. The first line stretched from Paris to Lille, a distance of 2.40 km. 3 ( ). At an average speed of three signals a minute, it was carried in 20 minutes, more than 90 times faster than messengers on horseback.

Once the value of Chappe's system was understood, it soon became the standard method of communication in Europe. 4 ( ). By the time the electric telegraph was developed, France had more than 550 semaphore towers stretching 4,800km.

Unfortunately, Chappe's system had some disadvantages. 5 ( ) The towers were also expensive to maintain and the cost of staff was high. In the end, Chappe was depressed by these criticisms of his inventions and by claims from other engineers that they had invented semaphore, and he committed suicide in 1805.

1
14 tháng 7 2018

One day in 1963, a dolphin named Elvar and a famous astronomer, Carl Sagan, were playing a little game. The astronomer was visiting an institute which was looking into the way dolphins communicate with each other. He was standing at the edge of one of tanks where several of these highly intelligent, friendly creatures were kept. Elvar had just swum up alongside him and had turned on his back. He wanted Sagan to scratch his stomach again, as the astronomer had done twice before. But this time Elvar was too deep in the water for Sagan to reach him. Elvar looked up at Sagan, waiting. Then, after a minute or so, the dolphin leapt up through the water into the air and made a sound just like the words "More!"

The astonished astronomer went to the director of the institute and told him about the incident.

"Oh, yes. That´s one of the words he knows," the director said, showing no surprise at all.

Dolphins have bigger brains in proportion to their body size than humans have, and it has been known for a long time that they can make a number of sounds. What is more, these sounds seem to have different functions, such as warning each other of danger. Sound travels much faster and further in water than it does in air. That is why the parts of the brain that deal with sound are much better developed in dolphins than in humans. But can it be said that dolphins have a "language", in the real sense of the word? Scientist don´t agree on this.

1/ The dolphin leapt into the air because

A. Sagan was too near the water

B. it was part of the game they were playing.

C. he wanted Sagan to scratch him again

D. Sagan wanted to communicate with him

2/ "Dolphins" brains are particularly well developed to

A. help them to travle fast in water

B. arrange sounds in different structures

C. respond to different kinds of sound

D. communicate with humans through sound

Giup voi a Read the text on the tight about the invention of semaphore. Five sentences have been removed. Choose from sentences A-F the one which fits each gap (l-4).There is one extra sentence which you do not need. There is an example at the beginning (0). A Using ropes, these could be moved to form 49 different shapes that could be recognized easily. B The main problem was that it could not be used during the night or on foggy days. C These messages could be sent very quickly. D The new...
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Giup voi a

Read the text on the tight about the invention of semaphore. Five sentences have been removed. Choose from sentences A-F the one which fits each gap (l-4).There is one extra sentence which you do not need. There is an example at the beginning (0).

A Using ropes, these could be moved to form 49 different shapes that could be recognized easily.

B The main problem was that it could not be used during the night or on foggy days.

C These messages could be sent very quickly.

D The new republic faced enemies on all sides in the form of the forces of Britain, Austria, Holland, Prussia and Spain.

E In August 1794, it carried its first message, the news of Napoleon's victory at Le Quenoy.

F A system was built between London and the south coast, and other countries followed.

War has been called 'the mother of invention', and this was certainly true in the French Revolutionary wars in 1792. 1 | D | What the Revolutionary Government urgently needed was a reliable system of communication.

Claude Chappe, who was a priest and an engineer, had developed a telegraph system, but had not been able to test it fully. However, his brother Ignace was a member of the government, and arranged for Claude's system to be tested. It turned out to be a great success and started a new form of high-speed communication.

The two brothers had a series of towers built 5 to 10 km apart. At the top of each tower was a tall wooden mast, and they attached one horizontal and two vertical wooden beams to this mast. Claude called this system 'semaphore', which comes from the Greek meaning 'bearing a sign'. 2 ( )

Operators in each tower watched neighbouring towers through a telescope and then passed the message on to the next one in the line. The first line stretched from Paris to Lille, a distance of 2.40 km. 3 ( ). At an average speed of three signals a minute, it was carried in 20 minutes, more than 90 times faster than messengers on horseback.

Once the value of Chappe's system was understood, it soon became the standard method of communication in Europe. 4 ( ). By the time the electric telegraph was developed, France had more than 550 semaphore towers stretching 4,800km.

Unfortunately, Chappe's system had some disadvantages. 5 ( ) The towers were also expensive to maintain and the cost of staff was high. In the end, Chappe was depressed by these criticisms of his inventions and by claims from other engineers that they had invented semaphore, and he committed suicide in 1805.

1
16 tháng 7 2018

Giup voi a

Read the text on the tight about the invention of semaphore. Five sentences have been removed. Choose from sentences A-F the one which fits each gap (l-4).There is one extra sentence which you do not need. There is an example at the beginning (0).

A Using ropes, these could be moved to form 49 different shapes that could be recognized easily.

B The main problem was that it could not be used during the night or on foggy days.

C These messages could be sent very quickly.

D The new republic faced enemies on all sides in the form of the forces of Britain, Austria, Holland, Prussia and Spain.

E In August 1794, it carried its first message, the news of Napoleon's victory at Le Quenoy.

F A system was built between London and the south coast, and other countries followed.

War has been called 'the mother of invention', and this was certainly true in the French Revolutionary wars in 1792. 1 | D | What the Revolutionary Government urgently needed was a reliable system of communication.

Claude Chappe, who was a priest and an engineer, had developed a telegraph system, but had not been able to test it fully. However, his brother Ignace was a member of the government, and arranged for Claude's system to be tested. It turned out to be a great success and started a new form of high-speed communication.

The two brothers had a series of towers built 5 to 10 km apart. At the top of each tower was a tall wooden mast, and they attached one horizontal and two vertical wooden beams to this mast. Claude called this system 'semaphore', which comes from the Greek meaning 'bearing a sign'. 2 (A )

Operators in each tower watched neighbouring towers through a telescope and then passed the message on to the next one in the line. The first line stretched from Paris to Lille, a distance of 2.40 km. 3 ( C). At an average speed of three signals a minute, it was carried in 20 minutes, more than 90 times faster than messengers on horseback.

Once the value of Chappe's system was understood, it soon became the standard method of communication in Europe. 4 (F ). By the time the electric telegraph was developed, France had more than 550 semaphore towers stretching 4,800km.

Unfortunately, Chappe's system had some disadvantages. 5 ( B) The towers were also expensive to maintain and the cost of staff was high. In the end, Chappe was depressed by these criticisms of his inventions and by claims from other engineers that they had invented semaphore, and he committed suicide in 1805.