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a few: 1 vài
a number of: 1 lượng
many: nhiều
fewer: rất ít hơn
=>Women in the United States are more likely to complete high school and college than men, but there are fewer women in high government positions.
Tạm dịch: Phụ nữ ở Hoa Kỳ có nhiều khả năng hoàn thành bậc trung học và cao đẳng hơn nam giới, nhưng có ít phụ nữ hơn ở các vị trí cao của chính phủ.
Đáp án: D
It would be challenging to broach this topic without first talking about gender stereotypes. Stereotypes are human, normal, and useful. They are mental shortcuts that help us make sense of our world. We use them all the time and they do not always lead us to make inaccurate judgments about people and situations. However, when it comes to gender, our society has some well-defined stereotypes about men and women and their traits and skills, especially in the workplace. For example, it is believed that men are callous and often too proud to ask for help and women are overly dramatic and emotional. Those underlying stereotypical beliefs interfere with our expectations of the genders in different contexts. When it comes to leadership, male behavior is often more in line with what is expected of a strong leader (see “Think Manager-Think Male”, Schein (1973, 2007)) while women are expected to be warm and caring and thought to be unwilling to make difficult decisions. How true are these stereotypes?
Do gender differences exist when it comes to being an effective leader?
To answer this question, we first must ask ourselves what makes an effective leader – regardless of gender. What behaviors, traits, and characteristics are valued in a strong leader? A common model used to understand leadership breaks leadership behaviors down into two large categories – people and results. Blake and Mouton (1964) established a managerial leadership grid which places leaders into quadrants depending on how much emphasis they place on people and results separately. A highly dynamic, charismatic, transformational, and effective leader is high on people and results. Within these larger categories are key leadership competencies such as coaching, motivating, and openness in the people grouping, and performance management, analysis, and accountability in the results grouping. If one were to apply gender stereotypes to this model, it might be hypothesized that women leaders would be more effective in the people competencies and men would be more effective in the results competencies.
Related: The Top 5 Skills of Effective Leaders
Let's consult the research
As you can imagine, researchers have wanted to know if this is true. Studies have examined how men and women are rated on leadership performance across these competencies. A study conducted on over 7,000 leaders using 360 performance data to explore gender differences on 16 leadership competencies found that women were rated significantly higher than men on 12 of the 16 competencies (Zenger & Folkman, 2012). These competencies represented both people and results categories. Men were rated higher on strategy development. No differences were seen for technical expertise, innovation, or connecting to the outside world. These results are promising for women leaders who are often seen as less competent and effective, but it is just one study.
In 2014, a group of researchers conducted a meta-analysis on gender and leadership effectiveness. They pulled together 95 studies to identify consistent trends in the relationships across research that spanned 49 years. They reviewed self and other ratings of performance effectiveness and found that overall, there are no strong significant differences between the genders on leadership effectiveness. When they broke down the data and looked at moderating variables, they did find some interesting differences:
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Women are being viewed as more effective in recent years as compared to decades ago.
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Men were rated as more effective in male-dominated organizations (e.g., government).
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Men rated themselves higher in self-report measures than women across the board.
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Women were rated as more effective in middle management roles.
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Women were rated as more effective by others (not self) across the board.
Select International conducts leadership assessments across levels and industries. We looked at our own leadership assessment data and drew a similar conclusion. When it comes to effectiveness, there are no strong gender differences. Men and women are rated equally effective in leadership competencies.
Lastly, the American Psychological Association published an article, Men and Women: No Big Difference, stating the same conclusion: “Studies show that one's ***** has little or no bearing on personality, cognition and leadership.”
Okay, so what does this mean? This is good news! The research points to the conclusion that men and women can both be effective leaders. There isn’t anything about gender that makes one leader better than another. If this is true, then why are there fewer women leaders, especially at the top of the organization? In future blogs we will examine some of the theories around why women are not represented in the upper echelons of the organization and discuss the research around them.
(It only used for refer).
Người Mỹ sẵn sàng chia sẻ các vấn đề riêng tư với bạn bởi vì _______.
A.họ muốn đặt câu hỏi riêng tư về người khác
B.họ cởi mở hơn và tò mò hơn về những thứ xung quanh họ
C.họ cố gắng cởi mở hơn người Anh trong cuộc sống
D.họ cho rằng bạn muốn chia sẻ mọi thứ với họ
Thông tin: He or she is most likely sincerely curious about your thoughts and feelings and is assuming you would like to share them.
=>Americans are more willing to share private matters with you because they are more open and more curious about things around them.
Tạm dịch: Anh ấy hoặc cô ấy rất có thể thật sự tò mò về những suy nghĩ và cảm xúc của bạn và cho rằng bạn muốn chia sẻ chúng.
Đáp án cần chọn là: B
I. Rewrite the following sentences with the words given
1/. Asian countries should balance the gender equality.
The____________gender equality should be balanced by Asian countries_________________
2/. Dangerous driving will cause many serious road accidents.
Many serious_________road accidents will be caused by Dangerous driving_____________
3/. Applicants must return this form by 21st March.
This form____________must be returned by 21st March by applicants_____________
4/. We will not accept his apology.
His____________apology __________________
5/. I have never done a more difficult exercise than this before.
This is___________________________
6/. This is the worst tennis player in this club I have ever played with.
I have___________________________
II. Choose the underlined word or phrase that needs correcting
1/. Have you ever read "Oliver Twist", a interesting novel written by Charles Dickens ?
A. ever read B. a interesting novel C. written D.by
2/. Please send me the smallest, most recently published, and less expensive dictionary that you have available.
A. me B. the C. recently D. less
3/. The man tells me that this room can use after 10 o'clock.
A. the B. tells me C. that this D. use
III. Choose the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the following questions
1/. The environment in the region isn't as clean as it used to be
A. The environment in the region is cleaner than it used to be
B. The environment in the region used to be cleaner than it is now
C. The environment in the region used to be polluted than it is now
D. The environment now is the cleanest in the region
2/. This is the most delicious cake I've ever tasted
A. The last time I ate such a delicious cake
B. I've never tasted a more delicious cake than this one
C. This cake is more delicious than that one
D. The cake is so delicious that I ate a lot
3/. I can't run as fast as I used to
A. I used to run more slowly than I can now
B. I used to run as quickly as I can now
C. I used ro run faster than I can now
D. I always ran as fast as I can now
4/. There are more sports competed in this SEA Games than in last SEA Games
A. The sports competed ill this SEA Games are the same as those in last SEA Games
B. Not as many sports were competed in last SEA Games as in this SEA Games
C. In the last SEA Games there were some sports which were not compete
D. In this SEA Games, there are less sports competed than in last SEA Games
5/. The test we did last time was more difficult than this one
A. We did an easy test last time and a difficult one this one
B. This test is not as difficult as the one we did last time
C. This time we have to do the most difficult test of all
D. The test we have done this time is not difficult at all
Đáp án: D