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Đặt A = 1/2 + 1/4 + 1/8 + 1/16 + 1/32 + 1/64 + 1/128 + 1/256 + 1/512
2A = 1/2 x 2 + 1/4 x 2 + 1/8 x 2 + 1/16 x 2 + 1/32 x 2 + 1/64 x 2 + 1/128 x 2 + 1/256 x 2 + 1/512 x 2
2A = 1 + 1/2 + 1/8 + 1/16 + 1/32 + 1/64 + 1/128 + 1/256
2A - A = ( 1 + 1/2 + 1/8 + 1/16 + 1/32 + 1/64 + 1/128 + 1/256 ) - ( 1/2 + 1/4 + 1/8 + 1/16 + 1/32 + 1/64 + 1/128 + 1/256 + 1/512 )
A = 1 - 1/512
A = 511/512
\(\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{4}+\frac{1}{8}+\frac{1}{16}+\frac{1}{32}+\frac{1}{64}+\frac{1}{128}\)
\(=1-\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{4}+\frac{1}{4}-\frac{1}{8}+\frac{1}{8}-\frac{1}{16}+\frac{1}{16}-\frac{1}{32}+\frac{1}{32}-\frac{1}{64}+\frac{1}{64}-\frac{1}{128}\)
\(=1-\frac{1}{128}\)
\(\frac{127}{128}\)
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\(P=...\)
\(=\frac{1}{99}-\frac{1}{99}+\frac{1}{98}-\frac{1}{98}+\frac{1}{97}-...-\frac{1}{2}+1\)
\(=\frac{1}{99}-1=\frac{-98}{99}\)
\(M=...\)
\(=\frac{2}{2}+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{4}{4}+\frac{1}{4}+...+\frac{64}{64}+\frac{1}{64}-7\)
\(=1+1+1+1+1+1+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{2^2}+\frac{1}{2^3}+\frac{1}{2^4}+\frac{1}{2^5}+\frac{1}{2^6}-7\)
\(=\frac{1+2+2^2+2^3+2^4+2^5}{2^6}-1\)
\(=\frac{2^6-1}{2^6}-1=1-\frac{1}{2^6}-1=-\frac{1}{2^6}\)
\(S=1+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{4}+\frac{1}{8}+\frac{1}{16}+...+\frac{1}{2^n}=1+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{2^2}+\frac{1}{2^3}+...+\frac{1}{2^n}\)
=>\(\frac{S}{2}=\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{2^2}+\frac{1}{2^3}+...+\frac{1}{2^{n+1}}\)
=> \(\frac{S}{2}-S=\left(\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{2^2}+\frac{1}{2^3}+..+\frac{1}{2^{n+1}}\right)-\left(1+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{2^2}+..+\frac{1}{2^n}\right)\)
=> \(-\frac{S}{2}=\frac{1}{2^{n+1}}-1\)
=> S= \(2-\frac{1}{2^n}\)