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1. The path which leads=>leading to the pagoda is very narrow.
2. A competitor is someone who takes=>taking part in a competition.
3. The school which was founded=>founded 20 years ago is still there.
4. The captain was the last person who left=>to leave the sinking ship.
5. Brazil is the first team which has won=>to win the world cup three times.
6. Jim, who was shocked=>shocking at what he saw, couldn’t say a word.
7. The girl who is singing=>singing on the stage is my classmate.
8. You should choose the clothes that suit=>suited your personality.
9. I like films that have=>having happy ending.
10. Jane had a few letters that she had to type=>to type.
Rewrite the sentences,changing the relative clauses into clauses with a pressent participle,a past participle or a To-infinitive.
1. The path which leads to the pagoda is very narrow.
The path leading to the pagoda is very narrow.
2. A competitor is someone who takes part in a competition.
A competitor is someone to take part in a competition.
3. The school which was founded 20 years ago is still there.
the school founded 20 years ago is still there.
4. The captain was the last person who left the sinking ship.
The captain was the last person to leave the sinking ship.
5. Brazil is the first team which has won the world cup three times.
Brazil is the first team winning the world cup three times.
6. Jim, who was shocked at what he saw, couldn’t say a word.
Jim shocked at what he saw, couldn’t say a word.
7. The girl who is singing on the stage is my classmate.
the girl singing on the stage is my classmate.
8. You should choose the clothes that suit your personality.
You should choose the clothes to suit your personality.
9. I like films that have happy ending.
I like films having happy ending.
10. Jane had a few letters that she had to type.
Jane had a few letters to type.
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1, We hurried to school so as not to be late
=> We hurried to school in order not to to be late.
2, He climbed the tree in order to get a better view
=> He climbed the tree so as to get a better view.
3, You should get up early so that you will have time to review to lesson
=> You should get up early so as to have time to review to lesson.
4, Some young people like to earn their own living in order that they will be independent of their parents
=> Some young people like to earn their own living in order to be independent of their parents
5, We should do morning exercises regularly so as to improve our health
=> We should do morning exercieses regularly in order to improve our healthy.
6, We should take advantage of the scientific achievements of the would so that we can develop our national economy
=> We should take advantage of the scientific achievements of the world so as to develop our national economy
7, every people in the world must unite their eforts to maintain and protest peace
=> Every people in the world must unite their eforts in order to/so as to maintain and protect peace
put a tick √ if the relative pronoun in the following sentence can be deleted, and put a cross + if is not
1. We lit a fire, which son dried out our clothes. X
2. The report which son should have taken an hour and a half, took three hours. X
3. The children who I was looking after were terrbly spoilt. √
4. She thanked him for the kind help that she recevied. √
5. There wasn't any directory in the telephone box from which I was phoning. √
6. The man who was driving us didn't know the way. X
7. The Smiths, whose house was destroyed in the explosion, were given rooms in the hotel. X
8. The car which we hired from the airport broke down on the road. √
9. My boss, who I really wanted to see, was too busy to meet anyone. X
10. Mr. and Mrs.Jones, who were out playing cards, knew nothing of the burglary. X
Replace the relative clause in each of the following sentences with a non-finite from of the verb.
1. At the station we were met by a man who was carrying a balck briefcase.
=> At the station we were met by a man carrying a black briefcase.
2. The next train that will arrive is from Edinburch
=> The next train arriving is from Edinburch.
3. Anyone who did not hear that noise must have been stone deaf.
=> Anyone not hearing that noise must have been stone deaf.
4. The castle, which was burnt down in the sixteenth century, was never rebuilt.
=> The castle, burnt down in the sixteenth century, was never built.
5. Any driver who does not have a licence ought to be sent to prison right away.
=> Any driver not having a licence ought to be sent to prison right away.
6.The train which was standing at platform six is for Bristol.
=> The train standing at platform six is for Bristol.
7. Any article that is left on the bus will be taken to the Lost Property Office.
=> Any article left on the bus will be taken to the Lost Property Office.
8. Everybody, who heard the noise, jumped up in alarm.
=> Everybody hearing the noise jumped up in alarm.
9. The last problem, which should be considered at out next meeting, is how to invest the money.
=> The last problem to be considered at out next meeting is how to invest the money.
10. The best man who you can see for your eye trouble is Doctor Edwards.
=> The best man to see for your eye trouble is Doctor Edwards.
11. We collided with a car which was driven by a young man without a license.
=> We collided with a car driven by a young man without a license.
12. A car, which was coming unexpectededly out of a side street, crashed into us.
=> A car coming unexpectedly out of a side street crashed into us.
13. The first man who flew non-stop across the Atlantic was John Alcock.
=> The first man to fly non-stop across the Atlantic was John Alcock.
14. The cheapest place where we can eat is the cafeteria.
=> The cheapest place to eat is the cafeteria.
15. He was accompanied by a porter who weighed at least 150 kilos.
=> He was accompained by a porter weighing at least 150 kilos.
VI: Fill in each gap with one suitable word to complete the following passage.
About twenty percent of the world’s present energy already (1)____comes____ from the sun in one form or another. Special devices have already been made to (2)___put__ on the roofs of houses and flats to (3)___catch___ the sun’s ray and thus heat water. Thousands (4)___of_____ these devices are now being used to provide (5)____energy____ in houses throughout the United States while more (6)__than____ a million solar water-heating units (7)___have ___already been built in houses in Japan. Other purposes for which solar energy is at present being used include the removal of salt (8)__from ___ seawater and sewage disposal. For most people (9)__ in____ developing countries, the need is not for air- conditioners or central heating but for cheap ways of (10)__cooking___ food, drying crops and lighting houses.
VIII: Complete :1. Although his father took a taxi, he still arrived late for the meeting.
®Despite…the fact that his father took a taxi, he still arrived late for the meeting. ………………………….…...................................................................... …..
2. It is ages since she last visited her parents.
®She … hasn't visited her parents for ages ………………………………………..
3. Handicapped people find shopping in supermarkets difficult.
®It is……difficult for handicapped people to find shopping in supermarkets ……………............................................................................................................. .
4. It isn’t necessary to book tickets for the show in advance.
®You needn't book tickets for the show in advance …………….................................................................................... ……………..
5. We got lost because we didn’t have a map.
®Had……we had map, we wouldn't have got lost …………......................................................................................... .……………..
6. The cake was so hard that I could not eat it.
®It was…… such a hard cake that i couldn't eat it ………… ……………..
7. We couldn’t drive because of the fog.
®The fog prevented…us from driving.……...................................................................................... ………..
8. They are going to tune my piano tomorrow.
®I am…going to have my piano tuned tomorow …………............................................................................................................... …..
9. Nobody has watered the flowers in the garden for many weeks.
®The flowers.......... in the garden haven't been watered for many weeks ...................................................................................................................
10. Every day my younger brother spends two hours learning English.
® Every day it takes..........my younger brother two hours to learn E.................
T36B: I/Choose the most suitable word to complete sentence.
1. My friend, Jack,(that, who, whose) parents live in Glasgow, invited me to spend Christmas in Scotland.
2. Here’s the computer program (that, whom, whose) I told you about.
3. I don’t believe the story (that, who, whom) she told us.
4. Peter comes from Witney, (that, who, which) is near Oxford.
5. This is the gun with (that, whom, which) the murder was committed.
6. Is this the person ( who, which, whose) you asked me about.
7. Have you received the parcel (whom, whose, which) we sent you?
8. That’s the girl (that, who, whose) brother sits next to me.
9. The meal,(that, which, whose) wasn’t very tasty, was expensive.
10. We didn’t enjoy the play ( that, who, whose) we went to see.
11. She gives her children everything (that, what, who) they want.
12. Tell me (what, that, which) you want and I’ll give it to you.
13.The reason (why, that, what) I phoned him was to invite him to party.
14. I don’t like people (who, whom, whose) never stops talking.
15. The day (which, that, when) they arrived was Sunday.
16. Ann,(whose, who, whom) children are at school all day is trying to get a job.
1/ We'd like to buy a house_______ overlooks West lake.(A. who B. whose C. where D. which)
2/ The woman _______ daughter Jack loves is very kind.(A. whose B. who C. whom D. which)
3/ The letter ___she received this morning is from the USA.(A. who B. whose C. whom D. which)
4/ I don't know the girl _______ is wearing a long blue dress.(A. whom B. whose C. which D. who)
5/ The police are asking the man _______ car has been stolen.(A. whom B. whose C. which D. that)
6/ Spring is the time ____ many kinds of flowers blossom.(A. who B. where C. which D. when)
7/ English is the subject ___ she is good at.(A. what B. which C. where D. who)
8/ He went to the sport club _____ he first met his wife.(A. which B. who C. where D. whose)
9/ He will never forget the day __ his mother died.(A. which B. who C. where D. when)
10/ The man ___my sister loves is very intelligent.(A. which B. whom C. whose D. when)
Are some people born cleaver and others born stupid? Or is intelligence developed by our environment and our experience? Strangely enough, the answer to both these questions is "Yes". To some extent, our intelligence is given at birth, and no amount of special education can make a genius out of child born with low intelligence. On the other hand, a child who lives in a boring surrounding will develop his intelligence less than the one who lives in rich and varied surrounding. Thus the limits of a person's intelligence are fixed at birth but whether or not he reaches those limits will depend on his environment. This view, now held by most experts, can be supported in a number of ways. It's easy to show that intelligence is something we are born with if we take two unrelated people at random from the population. It's likely that their degrees of intelligence will be completely different. If, on the other hand, we take children - identical twins, they will very likely be as intelligent as other. This clearly suggests that intelligence depends on birth.
II . Change the relative clauses to phrases, using to-infinitive or infinitive phrases ( for+ O + to-infinitive)
1. We used to have a room in which we could play music.
=>We used to have a room in to play music.
2. The child will be happier if he has someone that he can play with.
=>The child will be happier if he has someone to play with.
3. David was the only person who offered his help.
=>David was the only person to offered his help.
4. we had to sit on the ground because we hadn’t anything that we could sit on.
=>We had to sit on the ground because we hadn't anything to sit on.
5. She didn’t have anyone to whom she could send cards.
=>She didn't have anyone to send cards.
6. There is a big yard that your children can play in.
=>There is a big yard for your children to play in.
7. Emma Thompson is the most famous actress who will appear on stage here.
=>Emma Thompson is the most famous actress to appear on stage here.
8. We have some picture books that children can read.
=>We have some picture books for children to read.
9. He was the second man who was killed in this way.
=>He was the second man to be killed in this way.
10.Here are some novels that she should read.
=>Here are some novels for her to read .