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Xét biểu thức phụ : \(\frac{1}{\left(k+1\right)\sqrt{k}+k\left(\sqrt{k+1}\right)}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{k\left(k+1\right)}\left(\sqrt{k}+\sqrt{k+1}\right)}=\frac{\sqrt{k+1}-\sqrt{k}}{\sqrt{k\left(k+1\right)}\left(k+1-k\right)}=\frac{\sqrt{k+1}-\sqrt{k}}{\sqrt{k\left(k+1\right)}}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{k}}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{k+1}}\)
Áp dụng : \(\frac{1}{2.\sqrt{1}+1.\sqrt{2}}+\frac{1}{3\sqrt{2}+2\sqrt{3}}+\frac{1}{4\sqrt{3}+3\sqrt{4}}+\frac{1}{5\sqrt{4}+4\sqrt{5}}+...+\frac{1}{2012\sqrt{2011}+2011\sqrt{2012}}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{1}}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}+...+\frac{1}{\sqrt{2011}}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{2012}}=1-\frac{1}{\sqrt{2012}}\)
2.+ \(\left(2n+1\right)^2=4n^2+4n+1>4n^2+4n\)
\(\Rightarrow2n+1>\sqrt{4n\left(n+1\right)}=2\sqrt{n\left(n+1\right)}\)
+ \(\frac{1}{\left(2n+1\right)\left(\sqrt{n}+\sqrt{n+1}\right)}=\frac{\left(\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n}\right)\left(\sqrt{n+1}+\sqrt{n}\right)}{\left(2n+1\right)\left(\sqrt{n+1}+\sqrt{n}\right)}\)
\(=\frac{\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n}}{2n+1}< \frac{\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n}}{2\sqrt{n\left(n+1\right)}}=\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{n}}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{n+1}}\right)\)
Do đó : \(A< \frac{1}{2}\left(1-\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}+...+\frac{1}{\sqrt{48}}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{49}}\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow A< \frac{1}{2}\)
1. + \(\frac{1}{\left(n+1\right)\sqrt{n}}=\frac{\left(n+1\right)-n}{\left(n+1\right)\sqrt{n}}=\frac{\left(\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n}\right)\left(\sqrt{n+1}+\sqrt{n}\right)}{\left(n+1\right)\sqrt{n}}\)
\(< \frac{\left(\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n}\right)\cdot2\sqrt{n+1}}{\sqrt{n}\left(n+1\right)}=2\cdot\frac{n+1-\sqrt{n\left(n+1\right)}}{\left(n+1\right)\sqrt{n}}=2\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{n}}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{n+1}}\right)\)
Do đó : \(A< 2\left(1-\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}+...+\frac{1}{\sqrt{2012}}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{2013}}\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow A< 2\)
Bài 2 tạm thời chưa nghĩ ra :))
Xét số hạng tổng quát: \(\frac{1}{\sqrt{n}+\sqrt{n+1}}=\frac{\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n}}{\left(\sqrt{n+1}+\sqrt{n}\right)\left(\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n}\right)}=\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n}\) (do \(\sqrt{n+1}-\sqrt{n}>0\forall n\in\mathbb{N}\text{ nên ta có thể nhân liên hợp}\))
Áp dụng vào và ta có:
\(VT=\sqrt{2}-1+\sqrt{3}-\sqrt{2}+...+\sqrt{2013^2}-\sqrt{2013^2-1}\)
\(=\sqrt{2013^2}-1=2013-1=2012^{\left(đpcm\right)}\)
Đặt B là tên biểu thức
Với mọi n thuộc N*, ta có:
\(\frac{1}{\left(n+1\right)\sqrt{n}}=\frac{\sqrt{n}}{n\left(n+1\right)}=\sqrt{n}\left(\frac{1}{n}-\frac{1}{n+1}\right)=\sqrt{n}\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{n}}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{n+1}}\right)\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{n}}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{n+1}}\right)\)
\(=\left(1+\frac{\sqrt{n}}{\sqrt{n+1}}\right)\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{n}}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{n+1}}\right)< 2\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{n}}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{n+1}}\right)\) (*)
Áp dụng (*), ta được:
\(B< 2\left(1-\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{4}}+...+\frac{1}{\sqrt{2011}}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{2012}}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{2012}}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{2013}}\right)\)
\(=2\left(1-\frac{1}{\sqrt{2013}}\right)=2-\frac{1}{\sqrt{2013}}< 2\)
\(A=\sqrt{x^2-2x+1}+\sqrt{x^2+4x+4}\)
\(=\sqrt{\left(x-1\right)^2}+\sqrt{\left(x+2\right)^2}\)
\(=|1-x|+|x+2|\ge|1-x+x+2|=3\)
\(x\sqrt{x+\frac{1}{2}+\sqrt{x+\frac{1}{4}}}=2\)
\(\Leftrightarrow x\sqrt{\left(\sqrt{x+\frac{1}{4}}+\frac{1}{2}\right)^2}=2\)
\(\Leftrightarrow x\sqrt{x+\frac{1}{4}}+\frac{1}{2}=2\)
\(\Leftrightarrow x\sqrt{x+\frac{1}{4}}=\frac{3}{2}\)
Làm nốt
= \(\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}\left(\sqrt{2}+1\right)}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{6}\left(\sqrt{3}+\sqrt{2}\right)}+...+\frac{1}{\sqrt{2012}.\sqrt{2013}\left(\sqrt{2013}+\sqrt{2012}\right)}\)
= \(\frac{\left(\sqrt{2}+1\right)\left(\sqrt{2}-1\right)}{\sqrt{2\left(\sqrt{2}+1\right)}}+...+\frac{\left(\sqrt{2013}-\sqrt{2012}\right)\left(\sqrt{2013}+\sqrt{2012}\right)}{\sqrt{2012}\sqrt{2013}\left(\sqrt{2012}+\sqrt{2013}\right)}\)
= \(\frac{\sqrt{2}-1}{\sqrt{2}}+...+\frac{\sqrt{2013}-\sqrt{2012}}{\sqrt{2012}\sqrt{2013}}\)
= \(1-\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}+...+\frac{1}{\sqrt{2012}}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{2013}}\)
= \(\frac{\sqrt{2013}-1}{\sqrt{2013}}=\frac{2013-\sqrt{2013}}{2013}\)
\(\frac{1}{\left(n+1\right)\sqrt{n}}=\frac{\sqrt{n}}{n\left(n+1\right)}=\sqrt{n}\left(\frac{1}{n}-\frac{1}{n+1}\right)=\sqrt{n}\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{n}}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{n+1}}\right)\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{n}}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{n+1}}\right)\)
\(< \sqrt{n}\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{n}}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{n+1}}\right)\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{n}}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{n}}\right)=2\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{n}}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{n+1}}\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow S< 2\left(\frac{1}{1}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}+...+\frac{1}{\sqrt{2011}}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{2012}}\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow S< 2\left(1-\frac{1}{\sqrt{2012}}\right)< 2.1=2\)