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Xét \(\Delta ABC\) có:
\(M\) là trung điểm \(AB\)
\(D\) là trung điểm \(BC\)
\(\Rightarrow\) \(MD\) là đường trung bình của \(\Delta ABC\)
\(\Rightarrow\) \(MD\)\(=\)\(\dfrac{1}{2}AC\) và \(MD\) //\(AC\)
Ta có:
\(\overrightarrow{KD}=\overrightarrow{KM}+\overrightarrow{MD}\)
\(\Rightarrow\overrightarrow{KD}=\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{NM}+\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AC}\)
\(\Rightarrow\overrightarrow{KD}=\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{NA}+\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AM}+\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AC}=\dfrac{1}{6}\overrightarrow{CA}+\dfrac{1}{4}\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AC}\\ \Rightarrow\overrightarrow{KD}=\dfrac{1}{4}\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{1}{3}\overrightarrow{AC}\)
\(\overrightarrow{AD}=2\overrightarrow{DB}\Rightarrow\overrightarrow{AD}=\dfrac{2}{3}\overrightarrow{AB}\) ; \(\overrightarrow{CE}=3\overrightarrow{EA}\Rightarrow\overrightarrow{AE}=\dfrac{1}{4}\overrightarrow{AC}\)
Lại có M là trung điểm DE
\(\Rightarrow\overrightarrow{AM}=\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\overrightarrow{AD}+\overrightarrow{AE}\right)=\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\dfrac{2}{3}\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{1}{4}\overrightarrow{AC}\right)=\dfrac{1}{3}\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{1}{8}\overrightarrow{AC}\)
I là trung điểm BC \(\Rightarrow\overrightarrow{AI}=\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\overrightarrow{AB}+\overrightarrow{AC}\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow\overrightarrow{MI}=\overrightarrow{MA}+\overrightarrow{AI}=\overrightarrow{AI}-\overrightarrow{AM}=\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AC}-\dfrac{1}{3}\overrightarrow{AB}-\dfrac{1}{8}\overrightarrow{AC}=\dfrac{1}{6}\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{3}{8}\overrightarrow{AC}\)
a) \(\overrightarrow{BI}=\overrightarrow{BC}+\overrightarrow{CI}=\overrightarrow{BC}+\dfrac{1}{4}\overrightarrow{CA}=\overrightarrow{BA}+\overrightarrow{AC}+\dfrac{1}{4}\overrightarrow{CA}\)
\(=\overrightarrow{BA}+\overrightarrow{AC}-\dfrac{1}{4}\overrightarrow{AC}=\dfrac{3}{4}\overrightarrow{AC}+\overrightarrow{BA}=\dfrac{3}{4}\overrightarrow{AC}-\overrightarrow{AB}\).
b) Có \(\overrightarrow{BJ}=\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AC}-\dfrac{2}{3}\overrightarrow{AB}=\dfrac{3}{2}\left(\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AC}-\overrightarrow{AB}\right)=\dfrac{3}{2}\overrightarrow{BI}\).
Vì vậy 3 điểm B, I, J thẳng hàng.
c)
Trên cạnh AC lấy điểm K sao cho \(\overrightarrow{AK}=\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AC}\).
Tại điểm K dựng điểm T sao cho \(\overrightarrow{KT}=-\dfrac{3}{2}\overrightarrow{AB}=\dfrac{3}{2}\overrightarrow{BA}\).
\(\overrightarrow{BJ}=\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AC}-\dfrac{3}{2}\overrightarrow{AB}=\overrightarrow{AK}+\overrightarrow{KT}=\overrightarrow{AT}\).
Dựng điểm T sao cho \(\overrightarrow{BJ}=\overrightarrow{AT}\).
H đối xứng B qua G \(\Rightarrow\overrightarrow{BH}=2\overrightarrow{BG}=2\left(\dfrac{1}{3}\overrightarrow{BA}+\dfrac{1}{3}\overrightarrow{BC}\right)=-\dfrac{2}{3}\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{2}{3}\overrightarrow{BC}\)
\(\overrightarrow{AH}=\overrightarrow{AB}+\overrightarrow{BH}=\overrightarrow{AB}-\dfrac{2}{3}\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{2}{3}\overrightarrow{BC}=\dfrac{1}{3}\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{2}{3}\left(\overrightarrow{BA}+\overrightarrow{AC}\right)\)
\(=\dfrac{1}{3}\overrightarrow{AB}-\dfrac{2}{3}\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{2}{3}\overrightarrow{AC}=\dfrac{2}{3}\overrightarrow{AC}-\dfrac{1}{3}\overrightarrow{AB}\)
\(\overrightarrow{CH}=\overrightarrow{CA}+\overrightarrow{AH}=-\overrightarrow{AC}+\dfrac{2}{3}\overrightarrow{AC}-\dfrac{1}{3}\overrightarrow{AB}=-\dfrac{1}{3}\overrightarrow{AB}-\dfrac{1}{3}\overrightarrow{AC}\)
\(\overrightarrow{MH}=\overrightarrow{MA}+\overrightarrow{AH}=-\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AB}-\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AC}+\dfrac{2}{3}\overrightarrow{AC}-\dfrac{1}{3}\overrightarrow{AB}\)
\(=-\dfrac{5}{6}\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{1}{6}\overrightarrow{AC}\)
Lời giải:
Với $I$ là trung điểm của $BC$ thì \(\overrightarrow{IB}+\overrightarrow{IC}=\overrightarrow{0}\)
Ta có:
\(\overrightarrow{AB}+\overrightarrow{AC}=\overrightarrow{AI}+\overrightarrow{IB}+\overrightarrow{AI}+\overrightarrow{IC}\)
\(=2\overrightarrow{AI}+(\overrightarrow{IB}+\overrightarrow{IC})\)
\(=2\overrightarrow{AI}\)
\(\Rightarrow \overrightarrow{AI}=\frac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AB}+\frac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AC}\) (đpcm)
b) Gọi giao điểm của $AG$ với $BC$ là $T$
\(\overrightarrow{AB}+\overrightarrow{AC}=\overrightarrow{AG}+\overrightarrow{GB}+\overrightarrow{AG}+\overrightarrow{GC}\)
\(=2\overrightarrow{AG}+\overrightarrow{GB}+\overrightarrow{GC}=2\overrightarrow{AG}+\overrightarrow{GI}+\overrightarrow{IB}+\overrightarrow{GI}+\overrightarrow{IC}\)
\(=2\overrightarrow{AG}+2\overrightarrow{GI}\)
Theo tính chất đường trung tuyến thì \(\overrightarrow{AG}=2\overrightarrow{GI}\) nên:
\(\overrightarrow{AB}+\overrightarrow{AC}=2\overrightarrow{AG}+\overrightarrow{AG}=3\overrightarrow{AG}\)
\(\Rightarrow \overrightarrow{AG}=\frac{1}{3}\overrightarrow{AB}+\frac{1}{3}\overrightarrow{AC}\)
a)
\(\overrightarrow{AK}=\overrightarrow{AI}+\overrightarrow{IK}=\overrightarrow{AI}+\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{IB}=\overrightarrow{AI}+\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\overrightarrow{IA}+\overrightarrow{AB}\right)\)
\(=\overrightarrow{AI}+\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{IA}+\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AB}\)\(=\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AI}\).
b) Theo câu a:
\(\overrightarrow{AK}=\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AI}=\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{1}{2}.\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\overrightarrow{AB}+\overrightarrow{AC}\right)\)
\(=\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{1}{4}\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{1}{4}\overrightarrow{AC}=\dfrac{3}{4}\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{1}{4}\overrightarrow{AC}\).