Question

[Lê Quỳnh Anh]

Read the following passage, and mark the letter (A, B, C or D) on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each question.

Human memory, formerly believed to be rather inefficient, is really more sophisticated than that of a computer. Researchers approaching the problem from a variety of points of view have all concluded that there is a great deal more stored in our minds than has been generally supposed. Dr. Wilder Penfield, a Canadian neurosurgeon, proved that by stimulating their brains electrically, he could elicit the total recall of specific events in his subjects’ lives. Even dreams and other minor events supposedly forgotten for many years suddenly emerged in detail.

The memory trace is the term for whatever is the internal representation of the specific information about the event stored in the memory. Assumed to have been made by structural changes in the brain, the memory trace is not subject to direct observation but is rather a theoretical construct that we use to speculate about how information presented at a particular time can cause performance at a later time. Most theories include the strength of the memory trace as a variable in the degree of learning, retention, and retrieval possible for a memory. One theory is that the fantastic capacity for storage in the brain is the result of an almost unlimited combination of interconnections between brain cells, stimulated by patterns of activity. Repeated references to the same information support recall. Or, to say that another way, improved performance is the result of strengthening the chemical bonds in the memory.

How did Penfield stimulate dreams and other minor events from the past?

A. By surgery 

B. By electric stimulation

C. By repetition

D. By chemical stimulation

Answer 1

[Dương Hoàn Anh]

B

Penfield đã kích thích những giấc mơ và những sự kiện nhỏ từ quá khứ như thế nào?

A. bằng phẫu thuật                              B. bằng kích điện

C. bằng sự lặp đi lặp lại                       D. bằng chất kích thích

Dẫn chứng: Dr. Wilder Penfield, a Canadian neurosurgeon, proved that by stimulating their brains electrically, he could elicit the total recall of specific events in his subjects’ lives. Even dreams and other minor events supposedly forgotten for many years suddenly emerged in detail.

[ Tiến sĩ Wilder Penfield, một bác sĩ giải phẫu thần kinh người Canada, đã chứng minh rằng bằng cách kích thích não bộ bằng điện, ông có thể gợi ra toàn bộ những ký ức về những sự việc cụ thể trong cuộc đời của một đối tượng nào đó. Thậm chí những giấc mơ và những sự kiện nhỏ nhặt được cho rắng đã bị lãng quên nhiều năm cũng đột nhiên hiện lên chi tiết.]