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1.We should use cloth bags instead of using plastic bags.
2.Christmas songs were performed in towns and villages eight hundred years ago.
1.Change these sentences into passive voice.
a)They performed Christmas songs for people in towns and villages eight hundred years ago.
=>Christmas songs were performed for people in towns and villages eight hundred years ago.
b)People decorated and put a tree in the market place in the Latvian city of Riga.
=>a tree was decorated and put in the market place in the Latvian city of Riga.
c)They make a fire in the traditional way.
=>a fire are made in the traditional way.
d)They will hold an English-speaking contest at Nguyen Hue school next month
=> an English-speaking contest will be held at Nguyen Hue school next month
e)They awarded the first prize to the Mekong Team just after the final match yesterday.
=> the first prize was awarded to the Mekong Team just after the final match yesterday.
f)Franz Gruber wrote the Christmas carol"Silent Night,Holy Night"in Austria in the 19th.
=>the Christmas carol"Silent Night,Holy Night" was written in Austria by Franz Gruber in the 19th.
III. Complete the sentences using the correct form of the verbs in the brackets. (1,0 pt)
1. The woman talking to Miss Lan is my English teacher.
2. The first prize was awarded to the Mekong team just after the final match
yesterday.
3. He was waiting for us when we arrived at the station last Sunday.
4. Have you tidied the bedrooms yet?
IV. Choose the letter of the underlined part which is not correct. (0,5 pt)
1. We should use vegetable matter making animal food.
A B C D
2. Do you mind if I took some photos of you?
A B C D
V. Use the correct form of the words in brackets to complete sentences. (1,0 pt)
1. In this contest, the fire is made in the traditional way.
2. Cool the burns immediately so as to minimize tissue damage.
Chúc bạn học tốt
III
1/ talking.
2/ awarded.
3/ waited.
4/ Have/tidied.
IV
1/D=> to make.
2/C=>photo.
V
1/ traditional.
2/immediately.
I. Use the correct form of the words in the brackets to complete the sentences
1. What a .........LOVELY.............. girl! (love)
2. Stop. Nam! It's .......DANGEROUS............ to be near the stove. (DANGER )
3. Mr. Nam is working on a farm. He is a ...............FARMER................. (FARM)
4. Tet is the most important .......CELEBRATION............ in Vietnam (CELEBRATE)
I. Use the correct form of the words in the brackets to complete the sentences
1. What a ............LOVELY........... girl! (love)
2. Stop. Nam! It's ..........DANGEROUS......... to be near the stove. (DANGER )
3. Mr. Nam is working on a farm. He is a ............FARMER.................... (FARM)
4. Tet is the most important .............CELEBRATION...... in Vietnam (CELEBRATE)
II. Choose the best answer to complete the following sentences
1. I've played the piano ............................ .
A. two years ago B, since 1995 C. before 1995 D. tomorrow
2. He ................. me about it last night.
A. tells B. have told C. has told D. told
3. The meeting will ..................... in London next week.
A. be held B. is held C. be hold D. are hold.
4. Bananas .................... to Europe every year.
A. are exported B. exports C. is exported D. exported
5. She wishes she ....................... a palace now.
A. owns B. owned C. is owning D. would own
6. My house ................................... broken into last night.
A. are B. is C. was D. were
7. The details should ............................ carefully.
A. is checked B. check C. was checked D. be checked
8. If Mary doesn't improve in math, we ........................... have to find a tutor for her.
A. will B. can C. should D. would
9. The journey to the village is very .................... .
A. interested B. interesting C. disinterested D. interest
10. I don't like using the internet because it has some.................. .
A. benefits B. advantages C. limitations D. disadvantages
III. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Use the Past Simple or the Present Perfect Simple.
1. John .........HASN’T CALLED........... (not call) me recently.
2. They onth.........BOUGHT................(buy) a new car las.
3. The teacher ..............HASN’T RETURNED............... (not return) the tests yet.
4. How long ........HAS......... She .......KNOWN.............. (know) about this problem?
5. .........HAVE........... you ever ..........HEARD............ ( hear ) such an unbelievable story?
6. When I was a child, I ..........HAD LIVED.......... (live) in England for two years.
IV. Complete the second sentence so that it has the same meaning as the first one.
1.I'm sorry, I can't help you.
-> I wish I COULD HELP YOU
2. Unless we reduce the use of water and electricity we will have to pay more this month.
-> If we reduce the use of water and electricity we Won’t have to pay more this month.
3 My father was sick yesterday.
-> I wish my father hadn’t been sick.
4. They were late for school because it rained heavily .
->It rained heavily so they were late for school.
5. The flat's very noisy, but we enjoy living there.
-> Even though the flat's very noisy, we enjoy living there.
V. Read the passage and then decide whether the statements that follow are true or false. Write True or False in your answersheet.
Late in the afternoon, the boys put up their tent in the middle of a field. As soon as this was done, they cooked the meal over an open fire. They were all hungry and the food smelt good. After a wonderful meal, they told stories and sang songs by the camp fire. But some time later it began to rain. The boys felt tired so they put out the fire and crept into their tent. Their sleeping-bags were warm and comfortable, so they all slept soundly. In the middle of the night, two boys woke up and began shouting The tent was full of the water! They all leapt of their sleeping-bags and hurried outside. It was raining heavily and they und that a stream had formed in the field. The stream wound its way across the field and then flowed right under their tent!
_____F_______l/ the food smelt good, so the boy were thirsty
_____F_______2/ they played games and sang songs after they had a wonderful meal.
_____T_______3/ The boys slept well and deeply in a comfortable and warm sleeping-bags.
_____T_______4/ The tent was full of the water, Which made the boys wake up
I. Choose the most suitable words to fill in the blanks of the following sentences
1. Chicago is called " The ................ city "
A. wind
B. windy
C. flower
D. spring
2. A contest in which you have to make a fire is a .............. contest
A. fire-made
B. fire-make
C. fire-making
D. making-fire
3. My mother is very keen ............... growing roses
A. on
B. about
C. in
D. of
4. He had hid father................. his watch
A. fixed
B. to fix
C. fix
D. fixing
5. Millions of Christmas cards ............... every year
A. send
B. is sent
C. are sending
D. are sent
6. Do you mind................out you cigarette ? - No, of course not
A. put
B. putting
C. to put
D. is putting
7. Christmas songs.............for people in towns and villagers 800 years ago
A. performed
B. is performed
C. was performed
D. we're performed
8. I'll pick you......... at your hotel
A. on
B. to
C. up
D. in
9. I decided that I must word harder...............
A. the following year
B. the previous year
C. the year before
D. Last year
10. Nhi asked Nga " Is it fat from HCM City ? "
A. Nhi asked Nga it far from HCM City
B. Nhi asked Nga if it was far from HCM City
C. Nhi asked Nga whether was it far from HCM City
D. Nhi asked Nga if it is far from HCM City
II. Supply the correct forms of the words in brackets
1. The Pyramid in Egypt is one of the most famous tourist......attractions......... in the world (attract)
2. It is not easy to find a cheap.......accommodation........ at busy times. (accommodate)3. I'd like to visit Japan because Japanese people are very.........friendly....... (friend)
4. Christmas songs were .......performed............ for people in towns and villages. (performance)
5. It's.......interesting........to travel around Vietnam. (interest)
6. I'm order to keep fit, we should do exercise......regularly......... (regular)
III..Rewrite the following sentences with provide words without changing their meaning
1. The girl is my classmate. She is talking to Mrs. Land
==> The girl talking to Mrs. Lan is my classmate
2. My mother decorated that Christmas tree yesterday
==> The Christmas tree was decorated by my mother yesterday
3. Open the door, please!
==> Would you mind opening the door ?
4. " Is the temple far from here,Hoa? asked Land
==> Land asked Hoa if the temple was far from there
5. It / not / difficult / is / thi sentence / to / translate / into / English
==> It is not difficult to translate this sentence into English
6. Would / lending / you / me / mind / dictionary / your ?
==>Would you mind lending me your dictionary ?
I. Choose the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from the others. Write your answer (A, B, C or D) on your answer sheet.
1. A. holidays B. programs C. pants D. festivals
2. A. drip B. bill C. pipe D. fix
II. Choose the correct answer to complete each of the following sentences. Write your answer (A, B, C or D) on your answer sheet.
1. The Robinsons __________ to Ireland for their holiday last year.
A. went B. have gone C. gone D. go
2. They ___________ a holiday for ten years.
A. aren't having B. haven't had C. don't have D. didn't had
3. I asked Mary if she _________ learning French.
A. has liked B. likes C. liked D. like
4. We intend to go for a picnic ______________ October 20th.
A. in B. on C. at D. between
5. Ba wishes he _________ stay in Hue for a few days.
A. ought B. will C. could D. can
6. She asked me _______ I could speak other languages .
A. if B. that C. this D. what
7. John is _______ in learning Vietnamese.
A. interested B. keen C. fond D. pleased
8. My family had a __________ to Linh's home village last weekend.
A. two-day trips B. two-days trips C. two-days trip D. two-day trip
III. Find one mistake in the four underlined parts of each sentence. Write your answer (A, B, C or D) on your answer sheet.
1. The school year in Vietnam is divided to two terms.
----------A----------------------B-----------C------D
=>into
2. She has learnt English for she went to Australia.
-------A--------------------B------C-----D
=>since
3. John asked me if I want to buy any second-hand books.
----------A--------B----C------------D
=>wanted
4. You will be ill if you eating so much.
---------A------B---------C----------D
C
=>eat
IV. Read the passage below and choose the correct answer for each of the following questions. Write your answer (A, B, C or D) on your answer sheet.
Last year, we had a nice holiday. My friend and I went to the seaside for a month. I had been to the seaside several times before, but this was the first time for my friend Naturally, it was a great event for him. Finally, the days came. It was a fine morning. We got up very early because we wanted to leave home after breakfast. We made the journey by car We reached the seaside at 12 o'clock. We spent many hours on the beach. We enjoyed making castles and channels in the sand. People said we ought to spend at least a few weeks at the seaside. If we could stay longer, so much the better.
l. How long did the writer and his friend spend at the seaside?
A. A week. B. A few weeks. C. A month D. A few mont
2. Who went to the seaside the first time?
A. The writer B. The writer's friend C. The writer's famil D. The writer and his friend
3. What was the weather like on the day they started their journey to the seaside?
A. It was bad B. It was rainy C. It was good C. It was snowy.
4. How did they travel to the seaside?
A. By car B. By train C. By bus. D. By air.
5. When did they reach the seaside?
A. In the morning. B. At noon C. In the afternoon D. At sunris
V. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first one.
1. Because there were obstacles, the building didn't go along as planned.
Because of obstacles, the building didn't go along as planned.
2. I last saw her five years ago.
I have not seen her for five years
3. I don't have a computer.
I wish I had a computer
4. It was raining, so we decided to postpone our trip.
Because it was raining,we decided to postpone our trip.
5. Mary didn't go to school yesterday because she was sick.
Because of sickness,Mary didn't go to school yesterday
6. She went to bed early because she felt tired.
Because of tiredness,She went to bed early
7. The train came late because it was foggy.
Because of fog,the train came late
I. Choose the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from the others. Write your answer (A, B, C or D) on your answer sheet.
1. A. holidays B. programs C. pants D. festivals
2. A. drip B. bill C. pipe D. fix
II. Choose the correct answer to complete each of the following sentences. Write your answer (A, B, C or D) on your answer sheet.
1. The Robinsons __________ to Ireland for their holiday last year.
A. went B. have gone C. gone D. go
2. They ___________ a holiday for ten years.
A. aren't having B. haven't had C. don't have D. didn't had
3. I asked Mary if she _________ learning French.
A. has liked B. likes C. liked D. like
4. We intend to go for a picnic ______________ October 20th.
A. in B. on C. at D. between
5. Ba wishes he _________ stay in Hue for a few days.
A. ought B. will C. could D. can
6. She asked me _______ I could speak other languages .
A. if B. that C. this D. what
7. John is _______ in learning Vietnamese.
A. interested B. keen C. fond D. pleased
8. My family had a __________ to Linh's home village last weekend.
A. two-day trips B. two-days trips C. two-days trip D. two-day trip
III. Find one mistake in the four underlined parts of each sentence. Write your answer (A, B, C or D) on your answer sheet.
1. The school year in Vietnam is divided to two terms.
----------A----------------------B-----------C------D
=>into
2. She has learnt English for she went to Australia.
-------A--------------------B------C-----D
=>since
3. John asked me if I want to buy any second-hand books.
----------A--------B----C------------D
=>wanted
4. You will be ill if you eating so much.
---------A------B---------C----------D
C
=>eat
IV. Read the passage below and choose the correct answer for each of the following questions. Write your answer (A, B, C or D) on your answer sheet.
Last year, we had a nice holiday. My friend and I went to the seaside for a month. I had been to the seaside several times before, but this was the first time for my friend Naturally, it was a great event for him. Finally, the days came. It was a fine morning. We got up very early because we wanted to leave home after breakfast. We made the journey by car We reached the seaside at 12 o'clock. We spent many hours on the beach. We enjoyed making castles and channels in the sand. People said we ought to spend at least a few weeks at the seaside. If we could stay longer, so much the better.
l. How long did the writer and his friend spend at the seaside?
A. A week. B. A few weeks. C. A month D. A few mont
2. Who went to the seaside the first time?
A. The writer B. The writer's friend C. The writer's famil D. The writer and his friend
3. What was the weather like on the day they started their journey to the seaside?
A. It was bad B. It was rainy C. It was good C. It was snowy.
4. How did they travel to the seaside?
A. By car B. By train C. By bus. D. By air.
5. When did they reach the seaside?
A. In the morning. B. At noon C. In the afternoon D. At sunris
V. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first one.
1. Because there were obstacles, the building didn't go along as planned.
Because of obstacles, the building didn't go along as planned.
2. I last saw her five years ago.
I have not seen her for five years
3. I don't have a computer.
I wish I had a computer
4. It was raining, so we decided to postpone our trip.
Because it was raining,we decided to postpone our trip.
5. Mary didn't go to school yesterday because she was sick.
Because of sickness,Mary didn't go to school yesterday
6. She went to bed early because she felt tired.
Because of tiredness,She went to bed early
7. The train came late because it was foggy.
Because of fog,the train came late
I. Choose the word which has the underlined part pronounced differently from the rest.
1. A. unite B. underline C. university D. uniform
2. A. danger B. angry C. language D. passage
4. A. character B. children C. teacher D. change
5. A. look B. cook C. book D. roof
II. Choose the best option (A, B, C or D) to complete the following sentences by circling the letter.
1. I wish she ................... so sad now.
A. hadn't looked B. didn't look C. hasn't look D. doesn't look
2. I ......................... English here since I graduated from university.
A. teach B. taught C. have taught D. am teaching
3, A new hospital ............... next year.
A. is built B. will be built C. will build D. build
4. The students used to ............................ volleyball in that ground area.
A. play B. played C. playing D. be played
5. She arrived .................. four o'clock ................. the afternoon..
A. at/on B. in/in C. at/ in D. on /in
6. I have studied English ......................... more than three years.
A. for B. in C. since D. at
7. Hurry up! We don't have enough time. I wish we ......................... more time we could take some more photographs.
A. had B. have C. had had D. would have
8. Every afternoon she .................... for a walk in the garden.
A. will go B. is going C. has gone D. goes
9. Nam ............... a scholarship last year.
A. was awarded B. awarded c. awards D. is awarded
10. Minh ................. me on the street last Sunday.
A. see B. sees C. saw D. has seen
III- Write the correct form of the words in brackets.
1. Stop, Nam! It's.............dangerous...........to be near the stove. (danger)
2 The glass pieces are dried .............completely............ (complete)
3. My elder brother studies hard this year in order to pass the .............entrance............. exam to the university. (enter)
IV. Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple past or present perfect simple).
A: I (cycle just) ...............have just cycled................ 50 km.
B: I (cycle) ...........cycled........ 100 km last week .
A: I (write) ..........wrote............ an essay yesterday.
B: I (write /already) ..............have already written............. two essays this term.
A: I (ring/ just) ..............have just rung............. my friend.
B: I (ring) ..............rang........... my friend 10 minutes ago.
A: Two days ago, I (watch) ............watched............ a Madonna concert on TV.
B: I (see/already) ..........have already sen.......... Madonna live in concert.
A: I (spend) ...........spent........ my summer holiday in Australia last year.
B: I (be/not) ...............haven't been.......... to Australia yet.
V. Read the following passages and answer the questions.
Television is the most popular form of entertainment in the American household. People of all ages medium to entertain themselves for an average of four hours a day. Thus use this Scientists now television has had a tremendous influence on its viewers, especially children. due to say that children can be adversely affected by constantly watching television. This is the fact that they participate less in physical activities, spend less time reading and studying and see a world of violence that can affect their own feelings of security.
Ouestions:
1. Is television the most popular form of entertainment in the American household?
=> Yes, it is.
2. How many hours a day do people of all ages spend watching television?
=> People of all ages medium to entertain themselves for an average of four hours a day.
3. Who has television had a great influence on Can children be adversely affected by constantly watching TV?
=> Yes, they can.
VI-Use connectives to combine each pair of the sentences.
1. He is very tired .He has to finish his home work.(but)
=> He is very tired but he has to finish his homework.
2. The room is very small. It is quite comfortable. (although)
=> Although the room is very small, it is quiet comfortable.
3. I like watching TV .I like going to the cinema.(and)
=> I like watching TV and going to the cinema.
4. He got wet .He forgot his umbrella.(therefore)
=> He forgot his umbrella therefore he got wet.
5. She wears glasses She want to see better. (because)
=> She wears glasses because she wants to see better.
6. We are saving money. We want to buy a new house. (so)
=> We want to buy a new house so we are saving money.
I. Choose the word which has the underlined part pronounced differently from the rest.
1. A. unite B. underline C. university D. uniform
2. A. danger B. angry C. language D. passage
4. A. character B. children C. teacher D. change
5. A. look B. cook C. book D. roof
II. Choose the best option (A, B, C or D) to complete the following sentences by circling the letter.
1. I wish she ................... so sad now.
A. hadn't looked B. didn't look C. hasn't look D. doesn't look
2. I ......................... English here since I graduated from university.
A. teach B. taught C. have taught D. am teaching
3, A new hospital ............... next year.
A. is built B. will be built C. will build D. build
4. The students used to ............................ volleyball in that ground area.
A. play B. played C. playing D. be played
5. She arrived .................. four o'clock ................. the afternoon..
A. at/on B. in/in C. at/ in D. on /in
6. I have studied English ......................... more than three years.
A. for B. in C. since D. at
7. Hurry up! We don't have enough time. I wish we ......................... more time we could take some more photographs.
A. had B. have C. had had D. would have
8. Every afternoon she .................... for a walk in the garden.
A. will go B. is going C. has gone D. goes
9. Nam ............... a scholarship last year.
A. was awarded B. awarded c. awards D. is awarded
10. Minh ................. me on the street last Sunday.
A. see B. sees C. saw D. has seen
III- Write the correct form of the words in brackets.
1. Stop, Nam! It's....DANGEROUS........to be near the stove. (danger)
2 The glass pieces are dried ......COMPLETELY..... (complete)
3. My elder brother studies hard this year in order to pass the ............ENTRANCE.............. exam to the university. (enter)
IV. Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple past or present perfect simple).
A: I (cycle just) ........HAVE JUST CYCLED..... 50 km.
B: I (cycle) .......CYCLED............ 100 km last week .
A: I (write) .......WROTE ............... an essay yesterday.
B: I (write /already) ...........HAVE ALREADY WRITTEN ................ two essays this term.
A: I (ring/ just) ...........HAVE JUST RUNG................ my friend.
B: I (ring) .........RANG................ my friend 10 minutes ago.
A: Two days ago, I (watch) ..........WATCHED .............. a Madonna concert on TV.
B: I (see/already) .........HAVE ALREADY SEEN........... Madonna live in concert.
A: I (spend) .........SPENT......... my summer holiday in Australia last year.
B: I (be/not) ............HAVEN'T BEEN............. to Australia yet.
V. Read the following passages and answer the questions.
Television is the most popular form of entertainment in the American household. People of all ages medium to entertain themselves for an average of four hours a day. Thus use this Scientists now television has had a tremendous influence on its viewers, especially children. due to say that children can be adversely affected by constantly watching television. This is the fact that they participate less in physical activities, spend less time reading and studying and see a world of violence that can affect their own feelings of security.
Ouestions:
1. Is television the most popular form of entertainment in the American household?
..........YES, IT IS...............
2. How many hours a day do people of all ages spend watching television?
........FOUR HOURS........
3. Who has television had a great influence on ?
....VIEWERS HAS TELEVISION HAD A GREAT INFLUENCE ON....
Can children be adversely affected by constantly watching TV?
.......YES, THEY CAN..........
VI-Use connectives to combine each pair of the sentences.
1. He is very tired .He has to finish his home work.(but)
.........HE IS VERY TIRED BUT HE HAS TO FINISH HIS HOMEWORK ...........
2. The room is very small. It is quite comfortable. (although)
..........ALTHOUGH THE ROOM IS VERY SMALL, IT IS QUIET COMFORTABLE ..............
3. I like watching TV .I like going to the cinema.(and)
........I LIKE WATCHING TV AND I LIKE GOING TO THE CINEMA ,TOO......
4. He got wet .He forgot his umbrella.(therefore)
........HE FORGOT HIS UMBRELLA, THEREFORE, HE GOT WET ......
5. She wears glasses She want to see better. (because)
........SHE WEARS GLASSES BECAUSE SHE WANTS TO SEE BETTER..........
6. We are saving money. We want to buy a new house. (so)
.........WE ARE SAVING MONEY SO AS TO BUY A NEW HOUSE........
Combine each pair of sentences to make one sentence, using the words given in brackets
We missed the bus. We were so late. (because)
=> We were so late because we missed the bus
Combine each pair of sentences to make one sentence, using the words given in brackets
We missed the bus. We were so late. (because)
=> We missed the bus because we were so late.
Good luck!
( Câu này cx có trong phần mk trl ở 1 câu hỏi của bạn r!)
IV. Complete the passage with the words in the box, then answer the questions below.
kind | have | as | staying | hardly | this |
Dear grandparents,
This is a quick note to tell you how the holiday is going.
We're (1) STAYING in a nice holiday a very quiet part of the town. As you know, (2) THIS is a small city. The people here are very (3) KIND, hospitable and friendly. We have such nice weather since we got here, so we are feeling very happy. We (4) HAVE seen some of beautiful sights and a few museums. We thought they were very impressive. Yesterday we decided to go for a swim; we went to a nice beach where the water was blue and clean. Last night, we had a delicious meal in a wonderful restaurant. The food and services were excellent. When the bill came, we could (5) HARDLY believe in it because it was so cheap. (6) AS our hobbies are sightseeing and swimming, we enjoyed the holiday so much.
I'll write again soon
Love
Jannet and Jackson
V. Rewrite these sentences.
1. Unless we water these flowers, they'll die.
-> If we don't water these flowers, they will die.
2. He doesn't take any exercises. He is so unhealthy .
-> If he took many exercises, he would healthy.
3. This year, he's been to China. He has also been to Brazil. (and)
-> He has been both China and Brazil this year. (bỏ Both cũng dc)
4. Would you like to go to Paris? Would rather go to Budapest? (or)
-> Would you like to go to Paris or Budapest? (thêm either trước Paris cũng dc)
5. He's very tired today. He went to bed very late last night. (because)
-> He is very tired today because he went to bed very late last night.
I. Give correct form of the words
1. English is an interesting and important subject. INTEREST
2. Hoa is the best student in her school. GOOD
3. He can lift that heavy box. He is very strong .STRENGTH
4. I have difficulty in spelling her name. DIFFICULT
5. He is friendly so he has few friends at school . FRIEND
1,The first prize was awarded to the Mekong team just after the final match yesterday.
2,. Rearrange the following words to make the meaningful sentences (1,0 pt)
a. cloth bags/ use/ of/ should/ plastic bags/using/ we/ / instead.
=> We should use cloth bags instead of using plastic bags.
b. Christmas songs/ towns/ eight hundred years/ were/ in/, / and/ ago/ villages/ performed.
=> Christmas songs were performed in towns and villages eight hundred years ago.
Chúc bạn học tốt
1,The first prize was awarded to the Mekong team just after the final match yesterday.
2,. Rearrange the following words to make the meaningful sentences (1,0 pt)
a. cloth bags/ use/ of/ should/ plastic bags/using/ we/ / instead.
=> We should use cloth bags instead of using plastic bags.
b. Christmas songs/ towns/ eight hundred years/ were/ in/, / and/ ago/ villages/ performed.
=> Christmas songs were performed in towns and villages eight hundred years ago.