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a) \(\overrightarrow{u}=3\overrightarrow{a}+2\overrightarrow{b}-4\overrightarrow{c}=3\left(2;1\right)+2\left(3;-4\right)-4\left(-7;2\right)\)
\(=\left(6;3\right)+\left(6;-8\right)-\left(-28;8\right)\)
\(=\left(6+6+28;3-8-8\right)=\left(40;-13\right)\).
b) \(\overrightarrow{x}+\overrightarrow{a}=\overrightarrow{b}-\overrightarrow{c}\Leftrightarrow\overrightarrow{x}=\overrightarrow{b}-\overrightarrow{c}-\overrightarrow{a}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\overrightarrow{x}=\left(3;-4\right)-\left(-7;2\right)-\left(2;1\right)\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\overrightarrow{x}=\left(3+7-2;-4-2-1\right)\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\overrightarrow{x}=\left(8;-7\right)\).
c) Có \(\overrightarrow{c}\left(-7;2\right)=k\overrightarrow{a}+h\overrightarrow{b}=k\left(2;1\right)+h\left(3;-4\right)\)
\(=\left(2k+3h;k-4h\right)\).
Từ đó suy ra: \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}2k+3h=-7\\k-4h=2\end{matrix}\right.\)\(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}k=-2\\h=-1\end{matrix}\right.\).
a) Theo giả thiết \(\overrightarrow{a}=\overrightarrow{b}\ne\overrightarrow{0}\) nên giả sử \(\overrightarrow{a}=m\overrightarrow{b}\) suy ra:
\(\overrightarrow{a}=m\overrightarrow{a}\Leftrightarrow\left(1-m\right)\overrightarrow{a}=\overrightarrow{0}\).
\(\Leftrightarrow1-m=0\) (vì \(\overrightarrow{a}\ne\overrightarrow{0}\) ).
\(\Leftrightarrow m=1\).
b) Nếu \(\overrightarrow{a}=-\overrightarrow{b};\overrightarrow{a}\ne\overrightarrow{0}\).
Giả sử \(\overrightarrow{a}=m\overrightarrow{b}\Leftrightarrow\overrightarrow{a}=-m\overrightarrow{a}\)\(\Leftrightarrow\overrightarrow{a}\left(1+m\right)=\overrightarrow{0}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow1+m=0\)\(\Leftrightarrow m=-1\).
c) Do \(\overrightarrow{a}\) , \(\overrightarrow{b}\) cùng hướng nên: \(m>0\).
Mặt khác: \(\overrightarrow{a}=m\overrightarrow{b}\Leftrightarrow\left|\overrightarrow{a}\right|=\left|m\right|.\left|\overrightarrow{b}\right|\)
\(\Leftrightarrow20=5.\left|m\right|\)\(\Leftrightarrow\left|m\right|=4\)
\(\Leftrightarrow m=\pm4\).
Do m > 0 nên m = 4.
d) Do \(\overrightarrow{a},\overrightarrow{b}\) ngược hướng nên m < 0.
\(\left|\overrightarrow{a}\right|=\left|m\right|.\left|\overrightarrow{b}\right|\)\(\Leftrightarrow15=\left|m\right|.3\)\(\Leftrightarrow\left|m\right|=5\)\(\Leftrightarrow m=\pm5\).
Do m < 0 nên m = -5.
e) \(\overrightarrow{a}=\overrightarrow{0};\overrightarrow{b}\ne\overrightarrow{0}\) nên\(\overrightarrow{0}=m.\overrightarrow{b}\). Suy ra m = 0.
g) \(\overrightarrow{a}\ne\overrightarrow{0};\overrightarrow{b}=\overrightarrow{0}\) nên \(\overrightarrow{a}=m.\overrightarrow{0}=\overrightarrow{0}\). Suy ra không tồn tại giá trị m thỏa mãn.
h) \(\overrightarrow{a}=\overrightarrow{0};\overrightarrow{b}=\overrightarrow{0}\) nên \(\overrightarrow{0}=m.\overrightarrow{0}\). Suy ra mọi \(m\in R\) đều thỏa mãn.
\(\overrightarrow{x}=\overrightarrow{a}+\overrightarrow{b}=\left(1+0;-2+3\right)=\left(1;1\right)\).
\(\overrightarrow{y}=\overrightarrow{a}-\overrightarrow{b}=\left(0-1;3-\left(-2\right)\right)=\left(-1;5\right)\).
\(\overrightarrow{z}=3\overrightarrow{a}-4\overrightarrow{b}=3\left(1;-2\right)-4\left(0;3\right)=\left(3;-6\right)-\left(0;12\right)\)\(=\left(3;-18\right)\).
\(\left(\overrightarrow{a}+\overrightarrow{b}\right)^2=\left(\overrightarrow{a}+\overrightarrow{b}\right)\left(\overrightarrow{a}+\overrightarrow{b}\right)\)\(=\left|\overrightarrow{a}\right|^2+\left|\overrightarrow{b}\right|^2+2\overrightarrow{a}\overrightarrow{b}\).
\(\left(\overrightarrow{a}-\overrightarrow{b}\right)^2=\left(\overrightarrow{a}-\overrightarrow{b}\right)\left(\overrightarrow{a}-\overrightarrow{b}\right)\)\(=\left|\overrightarrow{a}\right|^2+\left|\overrightarrow{b}\right|^2-2\overrightarrow{a}\overrightarrow{b}\).
\(\left(\overrightarrow{a}-\overrightarrow{b}\right)\left(\overrightarrow{a}+\overrightarrow{b}\right)=\left|\overrightarrow{a}\right|^2+\overrightarrow{a}\overrightarrow{b}-\overrightarrow{a}\overrightarrow{b}+\left|\overrightarrow{b}\right|^2\)\(=\left|\overrightarrow{a}\right|^2-\left|\overrightarrow{b}\right|^2\).
Bài này sử dụng bất đẳng thức tam giác
Đặt vectơ AB = a vectơ BC = b
Ta có: \(\overrightarrow{AB}+\overrightarrow{BC}=\overrightarrow{AC}\) hay \(\left|\overrightarrow{a}+\overrightarrow{b}\right|=\overrightarrow{AC}\)
Ta lại có: \(AB+BC\ge AC\) ( bđt tam giác )
Từ 2 điều trên ta suy ra đpcm \(\left|\overrightarrow{a}+\overrightarrow{b}\right|\le\left|\overrightarrow{a}\right|+\left|\overrightarrow{b}\right|\)
Ta có:
\(\overrightarrow{a}+\overrightarrow{b}+3\overrightarrow{c}=\overrightarrow{0}\Leftrightarrow\overrightarrow{a}+\overrightarrow{b}=-3\overrightarrow{c}\Leftrightarrow\left(\overrightarrow{a}+\overrightarrow{b}\right)^2=9\overrightarrow{c}^2\)
<=> \(\overrightarrow{a}^2+\overrightarrow{b}^2+2\overrightarrow{a}\overrightarrow{b}=9\overrightarrow{c}^2\)
<=> \(\overrightarrow{a}\overrightarrow{b}=\dfrac{9z^2-x^2-y^2}{2}\)
Tương tự ta có: \(\overrightarrow{b}+3\overrightarrow{c}=-\overrightarrow{a}\) <=> \(\left(\overrightarrow{b}+3\overrightarrow{c}\right)^2=\overrightarrow{a}^2\)
<=> \(\overrightarrow{b}.\overrightarrow{c}=\dfrac{x^2-y^2-9z^2}{2}\)
Và lại có : \(\overrightarrow{a}\overrightarrow{c}=\dfrac{y^2-x^2-9z^2}{2}\)
Suy ra: A=\(\dfrac{9z^2-x^2-y^2}{2}+\dfrac{x^2-y^2-9z^2}{2}+\dfrac{y^2-x^2-9z^2}{2}=\dfrac{3z^2-z^2-y^2}{2}\)