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\(x^2+y^2-x^2y^2+xy-x-y\)
\(=x^2-x^2y^2+y^2-y+xy-x\)
\(=x^2\left(1-y^2\right)+y\left(y-1\right)+x\left(y-1\right)\)
\(=x^2\left(1-y\right)\left(y+1\right)+y\left(y-1\right)+x\left(y-1\right)\)
\(=\left(y-1\right)\left[-x^2\left(y+1\right)+y-x\right]\)
\(=\left(y-1\right)\left[-x^2y-x^2+y-x\right]\)
x2 + y2 - x2y2 + xy - x - y
=(x2-x2y2)+(y2-y)+(xy-x)
=x2(1-y)(1+y)-y(1-y)-x(1-y)
=(1-y)(x2+x2y-x-y)
=(1-y)[(x2-y)+(x2-x)]
=(1-y)[y(x-1)(x+1)+x(x-1)]
=(1-y)(x-1)(xy+x+y)
\(x^2y+xy^2+x^2z+y^2z+2xyz=z\left(x^2+2xy+y^2\right)+xy\left(x+y\right)=z\left(x+y\right)^2+xy\left(x+y\right)=\left(x+y\right)\left[z\left(x+y\right)+xy\right]=\left(x+y\right)\left(zx+zy+xy\right)\)
a) x4 + x2 - 27x - 9
= (x4 - 27x) + x2 - 9
= x(x3 - 27) + (x - 3)(x + 3)
= x(x - 3)(x2 + 3x + 9) + (x - 3)(x + 3)
= (x - 3)(x3 + 3x2 + 9x + x + 3)
= (x - 3)(x3 + 3x2 + 10x + 3)
b) x2 - xy - x + y
= x(x - y) - (x - y)
= (x - 1)(x - y)
c) xy + 4 - x2 + 2y
= (xy + 2y) - (x2 - 4)
= y(x + 2) - (x - 2)(x + 2)
= (x + 2)(y - x + 2)
d) xy + y - 2(x + 1)
= y(x + 1) - 2(x + 1)
= (y - 2)(x + 1)
\(x^2+y^2-x^2y^2+xy-x-y.\)
\(=\left(x^2-x^2y^2\right)+\left(y^2-y\right)+\left(xy-x\right)\)
\(=x^2\left(1-y^2\right)+y\left(y-1\right)+x\left(y-1\right)\)
\(=x^2\left(1-y\right)\left(1+y\right)-y\left(1-y\right)-x\left(1-y\right)\)
\(=\left(1-y\right)\left(x^2\left(1+y\right)-y-x\right)\)
\(=\left(1-y\right)\left(x^2+x^2y-y-x\right)\)
\(=\left(1-y\right)\left[\left(x^2-x\right)+\left(x^2y-y\right)\right]\)
\(=\left(1-y\right)\left[x\left(x-1\right)+y\left(x^2-1\right)\right]\)
\(=\left(1-y\right)\left[x\left(x-1\right)+y\left(x-1\right)\left(x+1\right)\right]\)
\(=\left(1-y\right)\left[\left(x-1\right)\left(x+y\left(x-1\right)\right)\right]\)
\(=\left(1-y\right)\left(x-1\right)\left(x+yx+y\right)\)