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Nowadays in the news you can read a lot about biotechnology and the controversies about it and perhaps you ask yourself what it is exactly. Well, this article is going to give you a brief history of the field of biotechnology and show you that, although the word “biotechnology” was first used in 1919, we have been using biotechnology for many thousands of years in ways that are completely uncontroversial. It will also look at the more modern developments which have started intense debate. When you are drinking a cold beer on a hot day, or eating a delicious cheese sandwich, you can thank biotechnology for the pleasure you are experiencing. That’s right! Beer, bread and cheese are all produced using biotechnology. Perhaps a definition will be useful to understand how. A standard definition is that biotechnology (or biotech for short) is the application of science and engineering to the direct or indirect use of living organisms. And as you know, the food and drink above are all produced by the fermentation of micro-organisms. In beer, the yeast multiplies as it eats the sugars in the mixture and turns them into alcohol and CO2. This ancient technique was first used in Egypt to make bread and wine around 4000BC! Antibiotics are used to prevent and treat diseases, especially those caused by bacteria. They are natural substances that are created by bacteria and fungi. The first antibiotic was made in China in about 500BC – to cure boils. In 1928 Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin and it was considered a medical miracle. Modern research is looking at the creation of super-antibodies which can kill bacteria and viruses inside the cells that house them. Our modern consumer society produces a lot of waste which needs to be disposed of safely and without harmful end products. Environmental biotechnology can help. Indeed, the use of bacteria to treat sewage was first practiced in 1914 in Manchester, England. Vermiculture or using worms to treat waste is another environmentally-friendly practice and the end product is a natural fertiliser. Bacteria have even been developed to help with problems such as oil spills. They convert crude oil and gasoline into non-toxic substances such as carbon dioxide, water and oxygen and help create a cleaner, healthier environment. These examples of biotechnology are accepted by most people. However, the discovery of the DNA structure by Watson and Crick in 1953 was the beginning of the modern era of genetics and the following areas of biotech are very controversial. Read on… The genetic modification of plants and crops has been in practice for many years. This involves changing the genetic code of these plants so that they are more resistant to bad conditions like drought, floods and frost. Supporters of GM food say that it can offer the consumer better quality, safety and taste and for over a decade Americans have been eating GM food. However, things are very different in Europe where genetically modified food is very strictly regulated and regarded with deep suspicion by the public. GM food has even been called “Frankenfood” in the press, a term inspired by the novel Frankenstein by Mary Shelley. There is a great cultural divide between America and Europe over whether such food is safe to eat and will not harm the environment and the discussion is still in progress. 1997 saw the birth of Dolly the sheep, the first animal cloned from an adult cell. This was a remarkable achievement which created world-wide debate on the ethical issues surrounding cloning. International organisations such as the European parliament, UNESCO and WHO all declared that human cloning is both morally and legally wrong. However, we need to make a distinction between reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning. Nowadays the idea of reproductive cloning – creating a copy of another person - is no longer interesting for researchers. Instead therapeutic cloning is creating excitement in the biotech world. Key to this technique is stem cells, which are master cells that have the potential to become any other kind of cell in the body e.g. nerve cells, blood, heart muscle or even brain cells. Stem cells themselves have generated a lot of controversy as it was believed that only human embryos could provide them. However, it now appears that adult stem cells offer the same possibility. This would mean that a patient who suffered a heart attack could provide doctors with his adult stem cells which could then be implanted back into his heart and used to create heart muscle, replacing the muscle that was damaged. As the genetic code is identical, there would be no problem of the body rejecting the implant as, unfortunately, happens with organ transplants. In the future, biotechnologists hope that stem cells could be used to grow entire organs. In this way biotechnology offers the hope of revolutionising medical treatment. In this brief overview of the history of biotechnology we have jumped from making bread to making human organs - an enormous leap- and it is clear that these modern practices raise many controversial issues. However, despite the debate, we can imagine that as biotechnology has been around for many years, it will still be around for some time to come - but who knows where it will take us?
Questions:
After reading, choose the best answer for the following questions
1. What is the main topic of the article?
Brief history and modern developments of biotechnology
Benefit of biotechnology
Modern research in biotechnology
2. What does the pronoun "IT" in the first paragraph refer to?
Biotechnology
The article
The word "Biotechnology"
3. Which products were first made with fermentation of micro-organisms?
Beer, bread and cheese
Bread and wine
Beer and cheese
Decide whether the statement below is True or False.
4. Alexander Fleming discovered super-antibodies which can kill bacteria and viruses inside the cells that house them.
TrueFalse
5. GM food is easily available in the U.S. and Europe.
TrueFalse
6.Researchers believe that adult stem cells could be used to create body parts.
TrueFalse
I.Translate the document
Early western travelers, whether to Persia, Turkey, or China frequently remark on the absence of changes in fashion there. On the other hand, people of these cultures believe that there is an instability and lack of order in western culture. The Japanese always boast that clothing in their culture has not changed in over a thousand years. Of course there is considerable evidence that there has been rapidly changing fashions in all parts of the world. Changes in costume often take place at times of economic or social change, followed by a long period without major changes. The beginnings of fashion and the wearing of different clothes in Europe can be dated to the middle of 14th century. The most dramatic change was a sudden shortening and tightening of the male over garment, sometimes also stuffing the chest area to make it look bigger. The pace of change accelerated during the following century and women and men's fashion became more complex and diverse.
Although tailors and dressmakers were no doubt responsible for many innovations in style, the textile industry certainly has been very influential. The four major fashion capitals are considered to be Milan, New York, Paris, and London. Fashion weeks are held in these cities where designers exhibit their new clothing collections to audiences; these cities are also where all the headquarters of the greatest fashion companies in the world are located.
Westerners today have a wide selection choice of clothes available. What a person chooses to wear can reflect their personality or likes. When people who have cultural status start to wear new or different clothes, a fashion trend may start. People who like them may start to wear clothes of a similar style. Fashions may vary considerably within a society according to age, social class, generation, occupation and geography, as well as over the passing of time. If, for example, an older person dresses according to the fashion of young people, he or she may look ridiculous in the eyes of both young and older people. The terms “fashionista” and “fashion victim” refer to someone who slavishly follows current fashions. The fashion industry is a product of the modern era. Prior to the mid-19th century, most clothing was custom- made. It was hand-made for individuals, either as home production or on order from dressmakers and tailors. Although the fashion industry developed first in Europe and America, today it is an international industry, with clothing often designed in one country, produced in another, and sold worldwide. At the beginning of the 20th century, fashion magazines began to include photographs of various fashion designs and became even more influential on people than in the past. These magazines had many effects on the clothing tastes of the public. "Vogue", founded in the US in 1892, has been one of the most successful of these magazines. Though colors and patterns of textiles change from year to year, the cut of a gentleman's coat or the pattern to which a lady's dress was cut changes more slowly. Men's fashions largely derived from military models. Women's fashions mainly derived from geographical and regional customs.
- Translate :
Những du khách phương Tây xưa, dù là Ba Tư, Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ, hay Trung Quốc thường xuyên nhận xét về sự vắng mặt của những thay đổi trong thời trang. Mặt khác, người dân của các nền văn hoá tin rằng có một sự mất ổn định và thiếu trật tự trong văn hoá phương Tây. Người Nhật luôn khoe rằng quần áo trong nền văn hoá của họ đã không thay đổi trong hơn một nghìn năm. Tất nhiên có bằng chứng đáng kể rằng thời trang đã thay đổi nhanh chóng ở tất cả các nơi trên thế giới. Thay đổi trang phục thường diễn ra vào những thời điểm thay đổi về kinh tế hay xã hội, tiếp theo là một thời gian dài mà không có những thay đổi lớn. Sự khởi đầu của thời trang và mặc quần áo khác nhau ở châu Âu có thể được hẹn hò vào giữa thế kỷ 14. Sự thay đổi mạnh mẽ nhất là sự rút ngắn đột ngột và thắt chặt của người đàn ông qua hàng may mặc, đôi khi cũng nhồi vùng ngực để làm cho nó lớn hơn. Tốc độ thay đổi tăng nhanh trong thế kỷ tiếp theo và phụ nữ và thời trang của nam giới trở nên phức tạp và đa dạng hơn.
Mặc dù thợ may không nghi ngờ gì về nhiều đổi mới về phong cách, ngành dệt may chắc chắn đã có ảnh hưởng rất lớn. Bốn thủ đô thời trang nổi tiếng là Milan, New York, Paris và London. Tuần lễ thời trang được tổ chức ở những thành phố này, nơi các nhà thiết kế giới thiệu bộ sưu tập quần áo mới của họ cho khán giả; những thành phố này cũng là nơi mà tất cả các trụ sở chính của các công ty thời trang lớn nhất trên thế giới được đặt.
Người phương Tây hiện nay có rất nhiều lựa chọn về quần áo. Những gì một người chọn để mặc có thể phản ánh cá tính hoặc thích của họ. Khi những người có địa vị văn hoá mặc quần áo mới hoặc khác nhau, xu hướng thời trang sẽ bắt đầu. Những người thích họ có thể bắt đầu mặc quần áo của một phong cách tương tự. Thời trang có thể thay đổi đáng kể trong một xã hội theo tuổi, tầng lớp xã hội, thế hệ, nghề nghiệp và địa lý, cũng như về thời gian. Ví dụ, nếu người cao tuổi mặc trang phục theo thời trang của những người trẻ tuổi, họ có thể trông thật lố bịch trong mắt cả người trẻ và người lớn tuổi. Thuật ngữ "thời trang" và "nạn nhân thời trang" chỉ những người theo thời trang hiện đại. Ngành công nghiệp thời trang là một sản phẩm của thời kỳ hiện đại. Trước giữa thế kỷ 19, hầu hết quần áo được làm theo yêu cầu của khách hàng. Nó được làm bằng tay cho các cá nhân, hoặc là sản xuất tại nhà hoặc theo yêu cầu của nhà may vá và thợ may. Mặc dù ngành công nghiệp thời trang phát triển đầu tiên ở châu Âu và Mỹ, ngày nay nó là một ngành công nghiệp quốc tế, với quần áo thường được thiết kế ở một quốc gia, sản xuất ở nước khác, và được bán trên toàn thế giới. Vào đầu thế kỷ 20, các tạp chí thời trang bắt đầu bao gồm những bức ảnh về các kiểu thiết kế thời trang khác nhau và thậm chí còn có ảnh hưởng nhiều hơn đến con người hơn là trong quá khứ. Những tạp chí này có nhiều ảnh hưởng đến sở thích quần áo của công chúng. "Vogue", được thành lập ở Mỹ vào năm 1892, là một trong những tạp chí thành công nhất. Mặc dù màu sắc và kiểu dáng của hàng dệt may thay đổi theo từng năm, việc cắt lớp áo của quý ông hoặc mô hình mà trang phục của một cô gái bị cắt giảm chậm hơn. Thời trang của nam giới chủ yếu bắt nguồn từ các mô hình quân sự. Các thời trang của phụ nữ chủ yếu xuất phát từ phong tục địa lý và khu vực.
II.Answer the questions
1.What subject do you like most?
- I like English most
2.What time is it now?
- It is 9 p.m. now
3.What clothes do you like to wear in the summer ?
- I like to wear shirts and dresses in the summer
4.Which grade are you in ?
- I'm in grade 8
5.What is the english versinon of the word "hóa học"?
- It is ''chemistry''
III.Choose the correct form
1.He likes (like) playing table- tennis .
2.We walked (walk) around the mountain for an hour.
3.What does he think (think) about that?
4.What clothes do you choose (choose)?
5.Why do you laugh (laugh) at me?
IV.Rewrite the following sentences, keeping the same meaning as the beginning words
Miss Huong's eyes are brown
Miss Huong has brown eyes
Thoa has long black hair
Thoa's hair is long and black
He has a brown school bag
His school bag is brown
Mr.Quang is big and strong
Mr.Quang is not small and weak
Lan has a flower garden
There is a flower garden
V.Arrange the following words into complete sentences
1.color/what/hair/her?
-> What color is her hair ?
2.hair/face/eyes/has/a/round/short/blue/black/Mr.David/and
-> Mr. David has a round face , blue eyes and short black hair
3.free / does / what / do / in / he /his / time /?
-> What does he do in his free time ?
4.is / breakfast / at / eating / a / he / foodstall / his
-> He is eating his breakfast at a foodstall
5.I/ good/ am/ at/ organizing/ for/ seminars/ customers
-> I am good at organizing seminars for customers
VI.Write a document tell everyone about for Tet
I would like to talk about the Lunar New Year festival, also known as the Tet holiday, which is the occasion expected the most by Vietnamese people every year. The festival usually lasts for around 7 days, and it takes place when a new year comes according to the lunar calendar.
The Lunar New Year festival takes place because it is one of the most well-known traditions of Vietnam. Our people have been celebrating this occasion for thousands of years, and although there has been some recent argument about whether we should stop celebrating this festival, I do not think this activity will come to an end soon, at least not in the short term.
There are some common things that people do during this festival. Perhaps the most important thing is that people who work and study in big cities would go back to their hometown to celebrate the new year with their families and relatives. The new year festival is one of very few occasions that families can gather together, so it is easy to understand why everyone in Vietnam expects this festival so much. Another thing that we usually do is that we give children some “lucky money” with the hope that it will bring fortune to those kids. We also have some other activities such as making “chung” cake, visiting temples and pagodas… and so on.
The new year festival is so important to me and also to all Vietnamese citizens. The reason is because we get more days off from work and study, and therefore we have more time to spend with our families and our loved ones. It is also a great time to think about what we have done in the previous year, and to make plans for the upcoming year.
- Translate :
Tôi muốn nói về Tết Nguyên Đán, còn được gọi là dịp Tết, đó là dịp mà mọi người Việt Nam mong muốn hàng năm. Tết thường kéo dài khoảng 7 ngày, và nó diễn ra khi một năm mới đến theo âm lịch.
Tết Nguyên đán diễn ra bởi vì đây là một trong những truyền thống nổi tiếng nhất của Việt Nam. Nhân dân chúng tôi đã tổ chức kỷ niệm này hàng ngàn năm, và mặc dù đã có một số tranh luận gần đây về việc liệu chúng ta nên ngừng ăn mừng lễ hội này, tôi không nghĩ rằng hoạt động này sẽ sớm kết thúc, ít nhất là trong thời gian ngắn.
Có một số điều phổ biến mà mọi người làm trong lễ hội này. Có lẽ điều quan trọng nhất là những người làm việc và học tập tại các thành phố lớn sẽ quay trở lại quê hương để mừng năm mới với gia đình và người thân. Lễ hội năm mới là một trong những dịp rất hiếm hoi mà các gia đình có thể tập hợp lại, vì vậy rất dễ hiểu vì sao mọi người ở Việt Nam đều mong đợi lễ hội này rất nhiều. Một điều khác thường làm là chúng tôi cho trẻ tiền lì xì với hy vọng rằng nó sẽ mang lại tài sản cho những đứa trẻ đó. Chúng tôi cũng có một số hoạt động khác như làm bánh chưng , thăm đền chùa ... và như vậy.
Tết năm mới rất quan trọng đối với tôi và cho tất cả công dân Việt Nam. Lý do là vì chúng ta có nhiều ngày nghỉ việc và học tập, và do đó chúng ta có nhiều thời gian hơn để dành cho gia đình và những người thân yêu. Đây cũng là thời gian tuyệt vời để suy nghĩ về những gì chúng tôi đã làm trong năm trước và để hoạch định kế hoạch cho năm tới.
I.Translate the document
Early western travelers, whether to Persia, Turkey, or China frequently remark on the absence of changes in fashion there. On the other hand, people of these cultures believe that there is an instability and lack of order in western culture. The Japanese always boast that clothing in their culture has not changed in over a thousand years. Of course there is considerable evidence that there has been rapidly changing fashions in all parts of the world. Changes in costume often take place at times of economic or social change, followed by a long period without major changes. The beginnings of fashion and the wearing of different clothes in Europe can be dated to the middle of 14th century. The most dramatic change was a sudden shortening and tightening of the male over garment, sometimes also stuffing the chest area to make it look bigger. The pace of change accelerated during the following century and women and men's fashion became more complex and diverse.
Although tailors and dressmakers were no doubt responsible for many innovations in style, the textile industry certainly has been very influential. The four major fashion capitals are considered to be Milan, New York, Paris, and London. Fashion weeks are held in these cities where designers exhibit their new clothing collections to audiences; these cities are also where all the headquarters of the greatest fashion companies in the world are located.
Westerners today have a wide selection choice of clothes available. What a person chooses to wear can reflect their personality or likes. When people who have cultural status start to wear new or different clothes, a fashion trend may start. People who like them may start to wear clothes of a similar style. Fashions may vary considerably within a society according to age, social class, generation, occupation and geography, as well as over the passing of time. If, for example, an older person dresses according to the fashion of young people, he or she may look ridiculous in the eyes of both young and older people. The terms “fashionista” and “fashion victim” refer to someone who slavishly follows current fashions. The fashion industry is a product of the modern era. Prior to the mid-19th century, most clothing was custom- made. It was hand-made for individuals, either as home production or on order from dressmakers and tailors. Although the fashion industry developed first in Europe and America, today it is an international industry, with clothing often designed in one country, produced in another, and sold worldwide. At the beginning of the 20th century, fashion magazines began to include photographs of various fashion designs and became even more influential on people than in the past. These magazines had many effects on the clothing tastes of the public. "Vogue", founded in the US in 1892, has been one of the most successful of these magazines. Though colors and patterns of textiles change from year to year, the cut of a gentleman's coat or the pattern to which a lady's dress was cut changes more slowly. Men's fashions largely derived from military models. Women's fashions mainly derived from geographical and regional customs.
( Chức năng translation hân hạnh tài trợ câu hỏi này :)) )
II.Answer the questions
1.What subject do you like most?
.....................I LIKE ENGLISH MOST.......................................................................................
2.What time is it now?
................IT 9.00 P.M O'CLOCK............................................................................................
3.What clothes do you like to wear in the summer ?
....................I LIKE TO WEAR T-SHIRT IN THE SUMMER........................................................................................
4.Which grade are you in ?
............................I AM IN GRADE 5................................................................................
5.What is the english versinon of the word "hóa học"?
.......................CHEMISTRY.....................................................................................
III.Choose the correct form
1.He .....LIKES..... (like) playing table- tennis .
2.We ......HAVE WALKED... (walk) around the mountain for an hour.
3.What he .....DOES HE THINK....(think) about that?
4.What clothes you ......DO YOU CHOOSE... (choose)?
5.Why you ......DO YOU LAUGH...(laugh) at me?
IV.Rewrite the following sentences, keeping the same meaning as the beginning words
Miss Huong's eyes are brown
Miss Huong has___BROWN EYES.________
Thoa has long black hair
Thoa's hair_IS LONG AND BLACK_____________
He has a brown school bag
His school bag____IS BROWN._____
Mr.Quang is big and strong
Mr.Quang is not____SMALL AND WEAK.__________
Lan has a flower garden
There IS A FLOWER GARDEN IN LAN'S HOUSE.________
V.Arrange the following words into complete sentences
1.color/what/hair/her?
WHAT LOLOR IS HER HAIR ?
2.hair/face/eyes/has/a/round/short/blue/black/Mr.David/and
MR. DAVID HAS A ROUND FACE, BLUE EYES AND SHORT BLACK HAIR.
3.free / does / what / do / in / he /his / time /?
WHAT DOES HE DO IN HIS FREE TIME ?
4.is / breakfast / at / eating / a / he / foodstall / his
HE IS EATING HIS BREAKFAST AT A FOODSTALL.
5.I/ good/ am/ at/ organizing/ for/ seminars/ customers
I AM GOOD AT ORGANIZING SEMINARS FOR CUSTOMERS.
VI.Write a document tell everyone about for Tet
( TỰ XỬ HA )