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TH1: \(x+y+z+t=0\)
\(P=\left(1+\dfrac{x+y}{z+t}\right)^{2023}+\left(1+\dfrac{y+z}{x+t}\right)^{2023}+\left(1+\dfrac{z+t}{x+y}\right)^{2023}+\left(1+\dfrac{t+x}{y+z}\right)^{2023}\)
\(=\left(\dfrac{x+y+z+t}{z+t}\right)^{2023}+\left(\dfrac{x+y+z+t}{x+t}\right)^{2023}+\left(\dfrac{x+y+z+t}{x+y}\right)^{2023}+\left(\dfrac{x+y+z+t}{y+z}\right)^{2023}\)
\(=0+0+0+0=0\) là số nguyên (thỏa mãn)
TH2: \(x+y+z+t\ne0\), áp dụng t/c dãy tỉ số bằng nhau ta có:
\(\dfrac{x}{2023x+y+z+t}=\dfrac{y}{x+2023y+z+t}=\dfrac{z}{x+y+2023z+t}+\dfrac{t}{x+y+z+2023t}\)
\(=\dfrac{x+y+z+t}{\left(2023x+y+z+t\right)+\left(x+2023y+z+t\right)+\left(x+y+2023z+t\right)+\left(x+y+z+2023t\right)}\)
\(=\dfrac{x+y+z+t}{2026\left(x+y+z+t\right)}=\dfrac{1}{2026}\)
\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\dfrac{x}{2023x+y+z+t}=\dfrac{1}{2026}\\\dfrac{y}{x+2023y+z+t}=\dfrac{1}{2026}\\\dfrac{z}{x+y+2023z+t}=\dfrac{1}{2026}\\\dfrac{t}{x+y+z+2023t}=\dfrac{1}{2026}\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}2026x=2023x+y+z+t\\2026y=x+2023y+z+t\\2026z=x+y+2023z+t\\2026t=x+y+z+2023t\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}4x=x+y+z+t\\4y=x+y+z+t\\4z=x+y+z+t\\4t=x+y+z+t\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(\Rightarrow4x=4y=4z=4t\) (vì đều bằng \(x+y+z+t\))
\(\Rightarrow x=y=z=t\)
Do đó:
\(P=\left(1+\dfrac{x+x}{x+x}\right)^{2023}+\left(1+\dfrac{x+x}{x+x}\right)^{2023}+\left(1+\dfrac{x+x}{x+x}\right)^{2023}+\left(1+\dfrac{x+x}{x+x}\right)^{2023}\)
\(=2^{2023}+2^{2023}+2^{2023}+2^{2023}\)
\(=4.2^{2023}=2^{2025}\in Z\)
Em kiểm tra lại đề, 2 ngoặc cuối bị giống nhau, chắc em ghi nhầm
TH1: \(x+y+z+t\ne0\)
Áp dụng t/c dtsbn ta có:
\(\dfrac{x}{y+z+t}=\dfrac{y}{z+t+x}=\dfrac{z}{t+x+y}=\dfrac{t}{x+y+z}=\dfrac{x+y+z+t}{3\left(x+y+z+t\right)}=\dfrac{1}{3}\)\(\dfrac{x}{y+z+t}=\dfrac{1}{3}\Rightarrow3x=y+z+t\Rightarrow4x=x+y+z+t\\ \dfrac{y}{z+t+x}=\dfrac{1}{3}\Rightarrow3y=x+z+t\Rightarrow4y=x+y+z+t\\ \dfrac{z}{t+x+y}=\dfrac{1}{3}\Rightarrow3z=x+y+t\Rightarrow4z=x+y+z+t\\ \dfrac{t}{x+y+z}=\dfrac{1}{3}\Rightarrow3t=x+y+z\Rightarrow4t=x+y+z+t\)
\(\Rightarrow4x=4y=4z=4t\\ \Rightarrow x=y=z=t\)
\(P=\dfrac{x+y}{z+t}+\dfrac{y+z}{t+x}+\dfrac{z+t}{x+y}+\dfrac{t+x}{y+z}\\ =1+1+1+1\\ =4\)
TH2: \(x+y+z+t=0\)
\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x+y=-\left(z+t\right)\\y+z=-\left(x+t\right)\\z+t=-\left(x+y\right)\\t+x=-\left(y+z\right)\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(P=\dfrac{x+y}{z+t}+\dfrac{y+z}{t+x}+\dfrac{z+t}{x+y}+\dfrac{t+x}{y+z}\\ =\dfrac{-\left(z+t\right)}{z+t}+\dfrac{-\left(t+x\right)}{t+x}+\dfrac{-\left(x+y\right)}{x+y}+\dfrac{-\left(y+z\right)}{y+z}\\ =-1-1-1-1\\ =-4\)
Nếu \(x =y = z = t\) vẫn thỏa gía trị : \(\frac{x}{y+z+t}=\frac{y}{z+t+x}=\frac{z}{t+x+y}=\frac{t}{x+y+z}=\frac{1}{3}\)
\(\Rightarrow P=\frac{2x}{2x}+\frac{2x}{2x}+\frac{2x}{2x}+\frac{2x}{2x}=4\)
Nếu có ít nhất 2 số khác nhau, giả sử \(x\ne y\) tính chất tỉ lệ thức:
\(\frac{x}{y+z+t}=\frac{y}{z+t+x}=\frac{\left(x-y\right)}{\left(y+z+t-z-t-x\right)}=\frac{\left(x-y\right)}{\left(y-x\right)}=-1\)
\(\Rightarrow x=-\left(y+z+t\right)\Rightarrow x+y+z+t=0\)
\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x+y=-\left(z+t\right)\\y+z=-\left(t+x\right)\\z+t=-\left(x+y\right)\\t+x=-\left(z+y\right)\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\frac{\left(x+y\right)}{\left(z+t\right)}=-1\\\frac{\left(y+z\right)}{\left(t+x\right)}=-1\\\frac{\left(z+t\right)}{\left(x+y\right)}=-1\\\frac{\left(t+x\right)}{\left(z+y\right)}=-1\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(\Rightarrow P=-1-1-1-1=-4\)
Vậy P có giá trị nguyên
Ta có :
\(\frac{x}{x+y+z+t}< \frac{x}{x+y+z}< \frac{x+t}{x+y+z+t}\)
\(\frac{y}{x+y+z+t}< \frac{y}{y+z+t}< \frac{y+x}{x+y+z+t}\)
\(\frac{z}{x+y+z+t}< \frac{z}{z+t+x}< \frac{z+y}{x+y+z+t}\)
\(\frac{t}{x+y+z+t}< \frac{t}{t+x+y}< \frac{t+z}{x+y+z+t}\)
Cộng vế với vế ta được :
\(\frac{x+y+z+t}{x+y+z+t}< \frac{x}{x+y+z}+\frac{y}{y+z+t}+\frac{z}{z+t+x}+\frac{t}{t+x+y}< \frac{2\left(x+y+z+t\right)}{x+y+z+t}\)
\(\Rightarrow1< M< 2\)
Do đó M ko nhận giá trị nguyên