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Nowadays in the news you can read a lot about biotechnology and the controversies about it and perhaps you ask yourself what it is exactly. Well, this article is going to give you a brief history of the field of biotechnology and show you that, although the word “biotechnology” was first used in 1919, we have been using biotechnology for many thousands of years in ways that are completely uncontroversial. It will also look at the more modern developments which have started intense debate. When you are drinking a cold beer on a hot day, or eating a delicious cheese sandwich, you can thank biotechnology for the pleasure you are experiencing. That’s right! Beer, bread and cheese are all produced using biotechnology. Perhaps a definition will be useful to understand how. A standard definition is that biotechnology (or biotech for short) is the application of science and engineering to the direct or indirect use of living organisms. And as you know, the food and drink above are all produced by the fermentation of micro-organisms. In beer, the yeast multiplies as it eats the sugars in the mixture and turns them into alcohol and CO2. This ancient technique was first used in Egypt to make bread and wine around 4000BC! Antibiotics are used to prevent and treat diseases, especially those caused by bacteria. They are natural substances that are created by bacteria and fungi. The first antibiotic was made in China in about 500BC – to cure boils. In 1928 Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin and it was considered a medical miracle. Modern research is looking at the creation of super-antibodies which can kill bacteria and viruses inside the cells that house them. Our modern consumer society produces a lot of waste which needs to be disposed of safely and without harmful end products. Environmental biotechnology can help. Indeed, the use of bacteria to treat sewage was first practiced in 1914 in Manchester, England. Vermiculture or using worms to treat waste is another environmentally-friendly practice and the end product is a natural fertiliser. Bacteria have even been developed to help with problems such as oil spills. They convert crude oil and gasoline into non-toxic substances such as carbon dioxide, water and oxygen and help create a cleaner, healthier environment. These examples of biotechnology are accepted by most people. However, the discovery of the DNA structure by Watson and Crick in 1953 was the beginning of the modern era of genetics and the following areas of biotech are very controversial. Read on… The genetic modification of plants and crops has been in practice for many years. This involves changing the genetic code of these plants so that they are more resistant to bad conditions like drought, floods and frost. Supporters of GM food say that it can offer the consumer better quality, safety and taste and for over a decade Americans have been eating GM food. However, things are very different in Europe where genetically modified food is very strictly regulated and regarded with deep suspicion by the public. GM food has even been called “Frankenfood” in the press, a term inspired by the novel Frankenstein by Mary Shelley. There is a great cultural divide between America and Europe over whether such food is safe to eat and will not harm the environment and the discussion is still in progress. 1997 saw the birth of Dolly the sheep, the first animal cloned from an adult cell. This was a remarkable achievement which created world-wide debate on the ethical issues surrounding cloning. International organisations such as the European parliament, UNESCO and WHO all declared that human cloning is both morally and legally wrong. However, we need to make a distinction between reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning. Nowadays the idea of reproductive cloning – creating a copy of another person - is no longer interesting for researchers. Instead therapeutic cloning is creating excitement in the biotech world. Key to this technique is stem cells, which are master cells that have the potential to become any other kind of cell in the body e.g. nerve cells, blood, heart muscle or even brain cells. Stem cells themselves have generated a lot of controversy as it was believed that only human embryos could provide them. However, it now appears that adult stem cells offer the same possibility. This would mean that a patient who suffered a heart attack could provide doctors with his adult stem cells which could then be implanted back into his heart and used to create heart muscle, replacing the muscle that was damaged. As the genetic code is identical, there would be no problem of the body rejecting the implant as, unfortunately, happens with organ transplants. In the future, biotechnologists hope that stem cells could be used to grow entire organs. In this way biotechnology offers the hope of revolutionising medical treatment. In this brief overview of the history of biotechnology we have jumped from making bread to making human organs - an enormous leap- and it is clear that these modern practices raise many controversial issues. However, despite the debate, we can imagine that as biotechnology has been around for many years, it will still be around for some time to come - but who knows where it will take us?
Questions:
After reading, choose the best answer for the following questions
1. What is the main topic of the article?
Brief history and modern developments of biotechnology
Benefit of biotechnology
Modern research in biotechnology
2. What does the pronoun "IT" in the first paragraph refer to?
Biotechnology
The article
The word "Biotechnology"
3. Which products were first made with fermentation of micro-organisms?
Beer, bread and cheese
Bread and wine
Beer and cheese
Decide whether the statement below is True or False.
4. Alexander Fleming discovered super-antibodies which can kill bacteria and viruses inside the cells that house them.
TrueFalse
5. GM food is easily available in the U.S. and Europe.
TrueFalse
6.Researchers believe that adult stem cells could be used to create body parts.
TrueFalse
II- Use a relative pronoun/ adverb to combine each pair of the sentences below.
1. You sent me a present. Thank you very much for it.
Thank you very much for the present which you sent me
2. Romeo and Juliet were lovers. Their parents hated each other.
Romeo and Juliet whose parents hated each other were lovers.
3. This is Mrs. Jones. Her son won the championship last year.
This is Mrs. Jones whose son won the championship last year.
4. This is the house. We often stay in this house in the summer.
This is the house where we often stay in the summer.
5. That was the time. He managed the enterprise at that time.
That was the time when he managed the enterprise
6. I was sitting in a chair. It suddenly collapsed.
I was sitting in the chair which suddenly collapsed.
7. This is the story of a man. His wife suddenly loses her memory.
This is the story of the man whose wife suddenly loses her memory.
8. Charlie Chaplin died in 1977. His films amused millions of people in the world.
Charlie Chaplin whose films amused millions of people in the world died in 1977
9. Please post these letters. I wrote them this morning.
Please post these letters which I wrote this morning.
10. The building is the church. Its tower can be seen from afar.
The building is the church whose tower can be seen from afar.
11. I’ll show you the second-hand bookshop. You can find valuable books in this shop.
I’ll show you the second-hand bookshop in which you can find valuable books
12. The police want to know the hotel. Mr. Bush stayed at this hotel two weeks ago.
The police want to know the hotel at which Mr. Bush stayed two weeks ago.
13. The reasons are basic grammatical ones. I’m scolded by the teacher fro these reasons.
The reasons why I’m scolded by the teacher are basic grammatical ones
14. I have not decided the day. I’ll go to London on that day.
I have not decided the day when I’ll go to London
15. The airport is the most modern one. We are going to arrive at this airport.
The airport at which we are going to arrive is the most modern one
16. She doesn’t want to speak to the cause. She divorced her husband for this cause.
She doesn’t want to speak to the cause for which/why She divorced her husband
17. He doesn’t want to sell the house. He was born in this house.
He doesn’t want to sell the house in which he was born
18. The teacher is Mr. Pike. We studied with him last year.
The teacher whom We studied with last year is Mr. Pike
19. The problem has been discussed in class. We are very interested in it
The problem which we are very interested in has been discussed in class
20. Many diseases are no longer dangerous. People died of them years ago.
Many diseases which people died of years ago are no longer dangerous
21. Do you see my pen? I have just written the lesson with it.
Do you see my pen which I have just written the lesson with ?
22. I like standing at the windows. I can see the park from this window.
I like standing at the windows from which I can see the park
23. The boy is my cousin. You made fun of him
The boy whom you made fun of is my cousin
24. This is rare opportunity. You should take advantage of it to get a better job.
This is rare opportunity of which You should take advantage to get a better job.
25. This matter is of great importance. You should pay attention.
This matter is of great importance which You should pay attention.
II. Complete these sentences.
1. We / not often have / fish / dinner last year because we / not like it
=>We didn't often have any fish for dinner last year because we didn't like it
2. What time / your father often / finish his work / the morning ?
=>What time does your father often finish his work in the morning?
3. He / be / home yesterday because he / have a headache
=>He was at home yesterday because he had a headache.
4. She never / go to her office / bus because it / be slow
=>She never goes to her office by bus because it is slow.
5. There / be many boys / my class last year
=>There were many boys in my class last year.
6. How far / be it / from your house / the bank ?
=>How far is it from your house to the bank?
7. My grandmother / live / small house / the country
=>My grandmother lives in a small house in the country.
8. How many pictures / your father / buy last week ?
=>How many pictures did your father buy last week?
9. Where / you live / when you / be small ?
=>Where did you live when you were small?
10. How many lessons / you / have / school last year ?
=>How manu lessons did you have at school last year?
1.she (hear)...heard......a noise and (get).....got......out of the bed when the door (open) ....was opening.....
2.the children (play) .....were playing.......football when their mother (come) .......came....back
3.who (be)....is........the man that you (talk) ...are talking..........to? I (see) .....saw....him at the gate when I (come)........came..in
4.we (wait)......were waiting.........for the bus when he (pass) .......passed........in his car and (offer)......offered....... us a lift
5.I (be)......was...........very tired because I (work) ......worked..........all day yesterday
6.when the students (hear)....heard....... the bell ,they (get)...got..........up and (leave)...left..........
7.he (forget).......forgot.......what I (tell) had told him. I (remind)......reminded.......him many times but he still (not bring)......didn't bring.......what i want
8.he (ask).....asked...me whether i ( see )..saw......his pen on the table. I (tell)...told....him that I (not see).didn't see..it around.
9.If I (wait)...had waited...only a little while longer , I would have met her
10. they (go)...went...home after they (finish)...had finished.....their homework
11. when we came to the stadium , the match ( already begin ) had already begun...their homework
12.they told me they ( not eat ).....hadn't eaten.....that kind of food before
13.after they had gone , I (sit).....sat........down and (rest)........rested.........
14.after taking a bath , he ( go)....went............to bed
15.what was he (be)............when he ( be)...was....young?
16.It was the first time I ( ever see ) .....have ever seen......such a beautiful girl
1.she (hear)....heard.....a noise and (get).....got......out of the bed when the door (open) ....opened.....
2.the children (play) ......were playing......football when their mother (come) ......came.....back
3.who (be)......was......that man that you (talk) .......were......to? I (see) .....saw....him at the gate when I (come).....came.....in
4.we (wait)......were waiting.......for the bus when he (pass) .......passed........in his car and (offer).......offered...... us a lift
5.I (be)........was.........very tired because I (work) ........had worked........all day yesterday
6.when the students (hear)......heard..... the bell ,they (get).......got......up and (leave).......left.......
7.he (forget).......has forgotten.......what I (tell) him. I (remind)......have reminded.......him many times but he still (not bring).......doesn't bring......what i want
8.he (ask).....asked....me whether i ( see )....had seen....his pen on the table. I (tell)....told...him that I (not see).hadn't seen..it around.
9.If I (wait)...had waited...only a little while longer , I would have met her
10. they (go)...went...home after they (finish)....had finished....their homework
11. when we came to the stadium , the match ( already begin ) ..had already begun.their homework
12.they told me they ( not eat ).....hadn't eaten.....that kind of food before
13.after they had gone , I (sit)......sat.......down and (rest).........rested.........
14.after taking a bath , he ( go).........went.......to bed
15.what was he (be)......like......when he ( be)....was...young?
16.It was the first time I ( ever see ) ......have ever seen.....such a beautiful girl
A tour guide is showing tourists a Roman camp near Hadrian's wall in the North of England. Put in the spaces with suitable prepositions.
Listen(1)..to.... me now, please. Can you hear me? I'm going to talk (2)..to.... you today (3)..about... daily life of Romans living in the camp. I think you will be surprised (4)..about.... some of the things that you see. This part of the soldiers and their kitchen. Imagine fifteen cooks busy (5)...with.... the meals for the food. And they were families! The cook depended (6)...on.... locals farms (7)...for.... the food, and they were brilliant (8)...on...... keeping food for a long time, using salt for example. If you're interested (9)..in...... cooking. Please ask (10)..for... more information (11)...about...... the tourist centre. Shall we continue? Who are we waiting (12)..for.... ? We're not sure (13)...about..... this part of the camp, but we think it was a bathing are, and we know that the Romans were proud (14)....of... their bathrooms. I expect that the people living here were grate full (15)...to... hot water in winter. Let's move on. In a moment we'll reach the family part of the camp, and I'll let you look around (16)...on.... yourselves.